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DRIVING SIGNATURE · FULL METRICS

Guanyu Zhou

Ground effect era (2022–2025) · data from 2022–2024 · Alfa Romeo, Kick Sauber

LAPS USED

1,690

QUALIFYING

59

RACES

64

AXES SCORED

5/6

CONFIDENCE

0.75

How this is calculated — the era, the field, the comparison groups and every threshold.

OVERVIEW

Each axis is a 0–100 rank among every driver-era in the dataset, built from differences to the same-session field. The 90% range is where nine in ten resampled scores land. Rank is within the ground effect field.

STEERINGSMOOTHNESSPENDINGENTRY AGGRESSIONTYRE MANAGEMENTTHROTTLE APPLICATIONBRAKINGCONSISTENCY

DASHED: ERA AVG — The average of every driver scored in the same regulation era. It sits close to 50 on every axis: a typical driver.

AXISSCORE90% RANGERANKERA AVGALL-TIMECHAMPIONSTEAMMATES
STEERINGPENDING——————
ENTRY2317–2525/2951509231
TYRE MGMT319–8019/3047505114
THROTTLE1411–2225/2949507641
BRAKING5447–6414/2951507836
CONSISTENCY2010–2825/3149508121

AXIS BY AXIS

What each axis measures, where the driver sits among this era's drivers, the raw differences behind the score, and how it moved from weekend to weekend.

ENTRY AGGRESSION

QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER

Speed as the driver comes off the brake, and the minimum speed through the corner.

23/ 100
RANK 25 OF 29 · GROUND EFFECT FIELD
90% RANGE 17–25

Higher means: Carries more speed off the brake and through the slowest point.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Williams): 29Fernando Alonso (Aston Martin): 41Kimi Antonelli (Mercedes): 78Oliver Bearman (Haas F1 Team): 51Gabriel Bortoleto (Kick Sauber): 12Valtteri Bottas (Alfa Romeo): 31Franco Colapinto (Alpine): 38Pierre Gasly (Alpine): 82Isack Hadjar (Racing Bulls): 71Lewis Hamilton (Mercedes): 55Nico Hulkenberg (Haas F1 Team): 35Nicholas Latifi (Williams): 3Liam Lawson (Racing Bulls): 50Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 83Kevin Magnussen (Haas F1 Team): 28Mick Schumacher (Haas F1 Team): 64Lando Norris (McLaren): 97Esteban Ocon (Alpine): 34Sergio Perez (Red Bull Racing): 70Oscar Piastri (McLaren): 96Daniel Ricciardo (McLaren): 69George Russell (Mercedes): 76Carlos Sainz (Ferrari): 54Logan Sargeant (Williams): 20Lance Stroll (Aston Martin): 19Yuki Tsunoda (AlphaTauri): 48Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 80Sebastian Vettel (Aston Martin): 43Guanyu Zhou: 23

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

3.9 km/h less speed as the brake comes off.

2.1 km/h lower minimum corner speed.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

202220232024
2022 Sakhir: -0.422022 Jeddah: -0.452022 Melbourne: -0.042022 Imola: -0.282022 Miami: -0.012022 Barcelona: -0.412022 Monaco: -1.782022 Baku: -0.512022 Montréal: no usable session2022 Spielberg: -0.342022 Le Castellet: -0.462022 Budapest: -0.122022 Spa-Francorchamps: -0.212022 Zandvoort: -0.362022 Monza: -0.812022 Suzuka: -0.182022 Austin: -0.442022 Mexico City: +0.312022 São Paulo: -1.362022 Yas Island: +0.012023 Sakhir: 0.002023 Jeddah: -0.322023 Melbourne: -0.122023 Baku: -0.522023 Miami: +0.032023 Monte Carlo: -0.402023 Catalunya: -0.112023 Montreal: no usable session2023 Spielberg: -0.642023 Silverstone: -0.502023 Hungaroring: -0.022023 Spa-Francorchamps: no usable session2023 Zandvoort: no usable session2023 Monza: -1.012023 Singapore: -0.302023 Suzuka: -0.622023 Lusail: -0.752023 Austin: -0.272023 Mexico City: -0.062023 Interlagos: -0.142023 Las Vegas: -0.582023 Yas Marina Circuit: -0.622024 Sakhir: -0.212024 Jeddah: no usable session2024 Melbourne: -1.042024 Suzuka: -0.662024 Shanghai: -0.622024 Miami: -0.602024 Imola: -0.832024 Monte Carlo: -1.052024 Montreal: -0.912024 Catalunya: -0.382024 Spielberg: -0.832024 Silverstone: -0.142024 Hungaroring: -0.622024 Spa-Francorchamps: no usable session2024 Zandvoort: -0.722024 Monza: -1.032024 Baku: -1.302024 Singapore: -1.062024 Austin: -0.852024 Mexico City: -0.892024 Las Vegas: -0.712024 Lusail: -0.532024 Yas Marina Circuit: -0.27

59 SESSIONS · 951 LAP-CORNERS · MINIMUM 5 QUALIFYING SESSIONS AND 150 LAP-CORNERS

TYRE MANAGEMENT

CLEAN RACE LAPS · PER STINT

How fast lap times drop off as the tyres age, corrected for fuel load.

31/ 100
RANK 19 OF 30 · GROUND EFFECT FIELD
90% RANGE 9–80

Higher means: Loses less time per lap of tyre age than the field on the same compound.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Williams): 65Fernando Alonso (Aston Martin): 96Kimi Antonelli (Mercedes): 85Oliver Bearman (Haas F1 Team): 90Gabriel Bortoleto (Kick Sauber): 5Valtteri Bottas (Alfa Romeo): 14Franco Colapinto (Alpine): 21Nyck De Vries (AlphaTauri): 12Pierre Gasly (Alpine): 27Isack Hadjar (Racing Bulls): 51Lewis Hamilton (Mercedes): 55Nico Hulkenberg (Haas F1 Team): 23Nicholas Latifi (Williams): 7Liam Lawson (Racing Bulls): 76Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 41Kevin Magnussen (Haas F1 Team): 19Mick Schumacher (Haas F1 Team): 32Lando Norris (McLaren): 57Esteban Ocon (Alpine): 66Sergio Perez (Red Bull Racing): 13Oscar Piastri (McLaren): 77Daniel Ricciardo (McLaren): 73George Russell (Mercedes): 71Carlos Sainz (Ferrari): 68Logan Sargeant (Williams): 1Lance Stroll (Aston Martin): 30Yuki Tsunoda (AlphaTauri): 45Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 48Sebastian Vettel (Aston Martin): 97Guanyu Zhou: 31

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

Loses 0.062 s per lap of tyre age after fuel correction, 0.004 s/lap more than the race median.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

202220232024
2022 Sakhir: +0.762022 Jeddah: -1.112022 Melbourne: no usable session2022 Imola: -0.402022 Miami: no usable session2022 Barcelona: +0.082022 Monaco: no usable session2022 Baku: no usable session2022 Montréal: -1.942022 Spielberg: +0.662022 Le Castellet: -3.002022 Budapest: -0.982022 Spa-Francorchamps: no usable session2022 Zandvoort: -1.282022 Monza: -0.882022 Suzuka: no usable session2022 Austin: +2.722022 Mexico City: +0.292022 São Paulo: -0.182022 Yas Island: -0.892023 Sakhir: -0.212023 Jeddah: +0.152023 Melbourne: no usable session2023 Baku: -3.002023 Miami: -1.582023 Monte Carlo: -1.822023 Catalunya: +0.772023 Montreal: +0.622023 Spielberg: -0.522023 Silverstone: +1.132023 Hungaroring: -0.272023 Spa-Francorchamps: -1.362023 Zandvoort: +0.462023 Monza: +0.572023 Singapore: 0.002023 Suzuka: +0.822023 Lusail: +0.552023 Austin: +0.252023 Mexico City: +0.532023 Interlagos: no usable session2023 Las Vegas: no usable session2023 Yas Marina Circuit: -0.772024 Sakhir: -0.452024 Jeddah: +0.442024 Melbourne: +1.082024 Suzuka: no usable session2024 Shanghai: -2.602024 Miami: +2.592024 Imola: +0.532024 Monte Carlo: +2.672024 Montreal: +2.882024 Catalunya: -0.372024 Spielberg: -0.012024 Silverstone: +0.382024 Hungaroring: +0.032024 Spa-Francorchamps: no usable session2024 Zandvoort: -1.302024 Monza: -1.402024 Baku: +0.732024 Singapore: -0.552024 Austin: +0.162024 Mexico City: +0.202024 Las Vegas: -1.002024 Lusail: +1.332024 Yas Marina Circuit: +0.60

54 SESSIONS · 85 STINTS · MINIMUM 5 RACES AND 8 STINTS

THROTTLE APPLICATION

QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER

Distance from the slowest point of the corner to full throttle, and the number of throttle lifts in between.

14/ 100
RANK 25 OF 29 · GROUND EFFECT FIELD
90% RANGE 11–22

Higher means: Reaches full throttle sooner after the apex, with fewer lifts.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Williams): 3Fernando Alonso (Aston Martin): 72Kimi Antonelli (Mercedes): 65Oliver Bearman (Haas F1 Team): 28Gabriel Bortoleto (Kick Sauber): 55Valtteri Bottas (Alfa Romeo): 41Franco Colapinto (Alpine): 8Pierre Gasly (Alpine): 80Isack Hadjar (Racing Bulls): 82Lewis Hamilton (Mercedes): 38Nico Hulkenberg (Haas F1 Team): 48Nicholas Latifi (Williams): 6Liam Lawson (Racing Bulls): 77Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 40Kevin Magnussen (Haas F1 Team): 44Mick Schumacher (Haas F1 Team): 23Lando Norris (McLaren): 52Esteban Ocon (Alpine): 15Sergio Perez (Red Bull Racing): 99Oscar Piastri (McLaren): 31Daniel Ricciardo (McLaren): 59George Russell (Mercedes): 81Carlos Sainz (Ferrari): 50Logan Sargeant (Williams): 10Lance Stroll (Aston Martin): 86Yuki Tsunoda (AlphaTauri): 71Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 98Sebastian Vettel (Aston Martin): 51Guanyu Zhou: 14

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

Reaches full throttle 7.0 m further from the apex than the field median.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

202220232024
2022 Sakhir: -0.732022 Jeddah: +0.012022 Melbourne: -1.072022 Imola: -0.272022 Miami: -0.082022 Barcelona: -0.472022 Monaco: -0.132022 Baku: -0.042022 Montréal: no usable session2022 Spielberg: -0.252022 Le Castellet: -0.492022 Budapest: -0.292022 Spa-Francorchamps: -0.242022 Zandvoort: +0.112022 Monza: -0.332022 Suzuka: +0.052022 Austin: -0.472022 Mexico City: -0.622022 São Paulo: -1.172022 Yas Island: -0.242023 Sakhir: +0.092023 Jeddah: -0.262023 Melbourne: -0.722023 Baku: +0.092023 Miami: -0.352023 Monte Carlo: -0.422023 Catalunya: -0.582023 Montreal: no usable session2023 Spielberg: +0.132023 Silverstone: +0.382023 Hungaroring: +0.012023 Spa-Francorchamps: no usable session2023 Zandvoort: no usable session2023 Monza: -0.882023 Singapore: -0.462023 Suzuka: +0.102023 Lusail: +0.042023 Austin: -0.242023 Mexico City: -0.372023 Interlagos: -0.302023 Las Vegas: -0.212023 Yas Marina Circuit: 0.002024 Sakhir: -0.182024 Jeddah: no usable session2024 Melbourne: -0.252024 Suzuka: -0.082024 Shanghai: -0.062024 Miami: -0.172024 Imola: -0.162024 Monte Carlo: -0.342024 Montreal: -0.622024 Catalunya: -0.552024 Spielberg: +0.112024 Silverstone: +0.132024 Hungaroring: -0.292024 Spa-Francorchamps: no usable session2024 Zandvoort: -0.232024 Monza: +0.012024 Baku: -0.372024 Singapore: -0.252024 Austin: -0.682024 Mexico City: +0.232024 Las Vegas: +0.082024 Lusail: +0.302024 Yas Marina Circuit: +0.12

59 SESSIONS · 903 LAP-CORNERS · MINIMUM 5 QUALIFYING SESSIONS AND 150 LAP-CORNERS

BRAKING

QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER

Where the driver starts braking for each corner, and how long the braking zone lasts.

54/ 100
RANK 14 OF 29 · GROUND EFFECT FIELD
90% RANGE 47–64

Higher means: Brakes later and over a shorter distance than the field.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Williams): 22Fernando Alonso (Aston Martin): 76Kimi Antonelli (Mercedes): 62Oliver Bearman (Haas F1 Team): 41Gabriel Bortoleto (Kick Sauber): 23Valtteri Bottas (Alfa Romeo): 36Franco Colapinto (Alpine): 18Pierre Gasly (Alpine): 64Isack Hadjar (Racing Bulls): 82Lewis Hamilton (Mercedes): 77Nico Hulkenberg (Haas F1 Team): 48Nicholas Latifi (Williams): 3Liam Lawson (Racing Bulls): 51Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 67Kevin Magnussen (Haas F1 Team): 34Mick Schumacher (Haas F1 Team): 19Lando Norris (McLaren): 80Esteban Ocon (Alpine): 20Sergio Perez (Red Bull Racing): 45Oscar Piastri (McLaren): 83Daniel Ricciardo (McLaren): 71George Russell (Mercedes): 72Carlos Sainz (Ferrari): 35Logan Sargeant (Williams): 28Lance Stroll (Aston Martin): 65Yuki Tsunoda (AlphaTauri): 87Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 56Sebastian Vettel (Aston Martin): 50Guanyu Zhou: 54

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

Starts braking 0.6 m earlier than the field median.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

202220232024
2022 Sakhir: +0.742022 Jeddah: +0.252022 Melbourne: -0.012022 Imola: +0.672022 Miami: -0.292022 Barcelona: +0.012022 Monaco: -0.232022 Baku: +0.422022 Montréal: no usable session2022 Spielberg: -0.422022 Le Castellet: +0.312022 Budapest: +0.362022 Spa-Francorchamps: +0.232022 Zandvoort: -0.022022 Monza: -0.272022 Suzuka: +0.842022 Austin: -0.112022 Mexico City: +0.022022 São Paulo: -0.802022 Yas Island: +0.532023 Sakhir: +0.372023 Jeddah: +0.422023 Melbourne: -0.032023 Baku: +0.082023 Miami: +0.022023 Monte Carlo: -0.522023 Catalunya: +0.182023 Montreal: no usable session2023 Spielberg: +0.332023 Silverstone: -0.112023 Hungaroring: +0.122023 Spa-Francorchamps: no usable session2023 Zandvoort: no usable session2023 Monza: -0.492023 Singapore: -0.252023 Suzuka: -0.292023 Lusail: +0.552023 Austin: +0.062023 Mexico City: +0.162023 Interlagos: +0.312023 Las Vegas: -1.032023 Yas Marina Circuit: +0.222024 Sakhir: -0.122024 Jeddah: no usable session2024 Melbourne: -0.592024 Suzuka: +0.872024 Shanghai: +0.762024 Miami: -0.352024 Imola: -0.142024 Monte Carlo: -0.592024 Montreal: -0.822024 Catalunya: -0.102024 Spielberg: +0.012024 Silverstone: +0.272024 Hungaroring: -0.012024 Spa-Francorchamps: no usable session2024 Zandvoort: +0.342024 Monza: +0.022024 Baku: -0.922024 Singapore: -0.372024 Austin: +0.242024 Mexico City: +0.312024 Las Vegas: -1.022024 Lusail: +0.312024 Yas Marina Circuit: -0.63

59 SESSIONS · 867 LAP-CORNERS · MINIMUM 5 QUALIFYING SESSIONS AND 150 LAP-CORNERS

CONSISTENCY

CLEAN RACE LAPS · PER STINT

How much clean lap times vary within a stint once the tyre-wear trend is removed.

20/ 100
RANK 25 OF 31 · GROUND EFFECT FIELD
90% RANGE 10–28

Higher means: Smaller lap-to-lap variation than the field in the same race.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Williams): 62Fernando Alonso (Aston Martin): 38Kimi Antonelli (Mercedes): 81Oliver Bearman (Haas F1 Team): 36Gabriel Bortoleto (Kick Sauber): 25Valtteri Bottas (Alfa Romeo): 21Franco Colapinto (Alpine): 39Nyck De Vries (AlphaTauri): 33Jack Doohan (Alpine): 9Pierre Gasly (Alpine): 79Isack Hadjar (Racing Bulls): 55Lewis Hamilton (Mercedes): 46Nico Hulkenberg (Haas F1 Team): 19Nicholas Latifi (Williams): 5Liam Lawson (Racing Bulls): 70Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 72Kevin Magnussen (Haas F1 Team): 11Mick Schumacher (Haas F1 Team): 13Lando Norris (McLaren): 75Esteban Ocon (Alpine): 83Sergio Perez (Red Bull Racing): 52Oscar Piastri (McLaren): 56Daniel Ricciardo (McLaren): 31George Russell (Mercedes): 93Carlos Sainz (Ferrari): 89Logan Sargeant (Williams): 16Lance Stroll (Aston Martin): 68Yuki Tsunoda (AlphaTauri): 42Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 97Sebastian Vettel (Aston Martin): 78Guanyu Zhou: 20

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

Lap times scatter 0.380 s around the stint trend, 0.109 s looser than the field median.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

202220232024
2022 Sakhir: -0.012022 Jeddah: -0.582022 Melbourne: -3.002022 Imola: -0.082022 Miami: no usable session2022 Barcelona: +0.832022 Monaco: no usable session2022 Baku: -0.852022 Montréal: 0.002022 Spielberg: -1.132022 Le Castellet: -2.462022 Budapest: +0.302022 Spa-Francorchamps: no usable session2022 Zandvoort: -3.002022 Monza: +0.472022 Suzuka: no usable session2022 Austin: -0.162022 Mexico City: -0.292022 São Paulo: -1.812022 Yas Island: -0.912023 Sakhir: -1.432023 Jeddah: +0.592023 Melbourne: +1.042023 Baku: -3.002023 Miami: 0.002023 Monte Carlo: -3.002023 Catalunya: +0.092023 Montreal: -0.012023 Spielberg: -0.712023 Silverstone: +0.422023 Hungaroring: -0.742023 Spa-Francorchamps: +0.152023 Zandvoort: +0.562023 Monza: +0.332023 Singapore: -0.432023 Suzuka: -0.832023 Lusail: +0.032023 Austin: -1.302023 Mexico City: -0.702023 Interlagos: no usable session2023 Las Vegas: no usable session2023 Yas Marina Circuit: -0.172024 Sakhir: -0.512024 Jeddah: +0.582024 Melbourne: -1.282024 Suzuka: no usable session2024 Shanghai: -0.962024 Miami: -0.762024 Imola: 0.002024 Monte Carlo: -3.002024 Montreal: +0.012024 Catalunya: -0.992024 Spielberg: -1.502024 Silverstone: -0.112024 Hungaroring: -1.532024 Spa-Francorchamps: no usable session2024 Zandvoort: -1.502024 Monza: -2.142024 Baku: +1.392024 Singapore: -0.462024 Austin: -1.612024 Mexico City: -0.422024 Las Vegas: -0.372024 Lusail: +0.132024 Yas Marina Circuit: -0.12

57 SESSIONS · 100 STINTS · MINIMUM 5 RACES AND 8 STINTS

STEERING SMOOTHNESS

NEEDS ONBOARD VIDEO

How smoothly the driver steers through each corner.

PENDING

Not measured yet. No public feed carries steering angle; it will come from onboard video.

TEAMMATES

Same car, same sessions. Each cell is the average difference over the sessions they shared, in field-spread units: +0.30 means 0.3 of a typical field spread better on that axis. Qualifying H2H is the share of shared qualifying sessions where Zhou's best lap was faster.

TEAMMATESHAREDQUALI H2HENTRYTYRE MGMTTHROTTLEBRAKINGCONSISTENCY
Valtteri Bottas121
58 Q · 63 R
26%-0.12+0.16-0.15+0.23+0.11

SESSION LOG

Every weekend in this era. Values are the difference from that session's field in field-spread units, green better and red worse. A dash means the session was skipped (wet, or no data) or the driver had no usable laps.

WEEKENDCIRCUITTEAMQ LAPSBRAKINGENTRYTHROTTLERACE LAPSCONSISTENCYTYRE MGMT
2022 R01SakhirAlfa Romeo2+0.74-0.42-0.7323-0.01+0.76
2022 R02JeddahAlfa Romeo3+0.25-0.45+0.0115-0.58-1.11
2022 R03MelbourneAlfa Romeo3-0.01-0.04-1.077-3.00—
2022 R04ImolaAlfa Romeo1+0.67-0.28-0.2724-0.08-0.40
2022 R05MiamiAlfa Romeo1-0.29-0.01-0.080——
2022 R06BarcelonaAlfa Romeo3+0.01-0.41-0.479+0.83+0.08
2022 R07MonacoAlfa Romeo1-0.23-1.78-0.130——
2022 R08BakuAlfa Romeo1+0.42-0.51-0.046-0.85—
2022 R09MontréalAlfa Romeo————80.00-1.94
2022 R11SpielbergAlfa Romeo2-0.42-0.34-0.2517-1.13+0.66
2022 R12Le CastelletAlfa Romeo3+0.31-0.46-0.4923-2.46-3.00
2022 R13BudapestAlfa Romeo3+0.36-0.12-0.2922+0.30-0.98
2022 R14Spa-FrancorchampsAlfa Romeo3+0.23-0.21-0.240——
2022 R15ZandvoortAlfa Romeo3-0.02-0.36+0.118-3.00-1.28
2022 R16MonzaAlfa Romeo3-0.27-0.81-0.338+0.47-0.88
2022 R18SuzukaAlfa Romeo3+0.84-0.18+0.05———
2022 R19AustinAlfa Romeo3-0.11-0.44-0.4714-0.16+2.72
2022 R20Mexico CityAlfa Romeo2+0.02+0.31-0.6244-0.29+0.29
2022 R21São PauloAlfa Romeo1-0.80-1.36-1.1725-1.81-0.18
2022 R22Yas IslandAlfa Romeo2+0.53+0.01-0.2431-0.91-0.89
2023 R01SakhirAlfa Romeo3+0.370.00+0.0925-1.43-0.21
2023 R02JeddahAlfa Romeo3+0.42-0.32-0.2620+0.59+0.15
2023 R03MelbourneAlfa Romeo3-0.03-0.12-0.726+1.04—
2023 R04BakuAlfa Romeo2+0.08-0.52+0.0917-3.00-3.00
2023 R05MiamiAlfa Romeo3+0.02+0.03-0.35290.00-1.58
2023 R06Monte CarloAlfa Romeo3-0.52-0.40-0.4217-3.00-1.82
2023 R07CatalunyaAlfa Romeo3+0.18-0.11-0.5829+0.09+0.77
2023 R08MontrealAlfa Romeo————24-0.01+0.62
2023 R09SpielbergAlfa Romeo2+0.33-0.64+0.1345-0.71-0.52
2023 R10SilverstoneAlfa Romeo1-0.11-0.50+0.3818+0.42+1.13
2023 R11HungaroringAlfa Romeo3+0.12-0.02+0.0151-0.74-0.27
2023 R12Spa-FrancorchampsAlfa Romeo————9+0.15-1.36
2023 R13ZandvoortAlfa Romeo————28+0.56+0.46
2023 R14MonzaAlfa Romeo2-0.49-1.01-0.8820+0.33+0.57
2023 R15SingaporeAlfa Romeo2-0.25-0.30-0.4621-0.430.00
2023 R16SuzukaAlfa Romeo1-0.29-0.62+0.1035-0.83+0.82
2023 R17LusailAlfa Romeo1+0.55-0.75+0.0421+0.03+0.55
2023 R18AustinAlfa Romeo3+0.06-0.27-0.2440-1.30+0.25
2023 R19Mexico CityAlfa Romeo3+0.16-0.06-0.3734-0.70+0.53
2023 R20InterlagosAlfa Romeo2+0.31-0.14-0.300——
2023 R21Las VegasAlfa Romeo2-1.03-0.58-0.210——
2023 R22Yas Marina CircuitAlfa Romeo2+0.22-0.620.0029-0.17-0.77
2024 R01SakhirKick Sauber2-0.12-0.21-0.1837-0.51-0.45
2024 R02JeddahKick Sauber————35+0.58+0.44
2024 R03MelbourneKick Sauber3-0.59-1.04-0.2544-1.28+1.08
2024 R04SuzukaKick Sauber2+0.87-0.66-0.080——
2024 R05ShanghaiKick Sauber1+0.76-0.62-0.0623-0.96-2.60
2024 R06MiamiKick Sauber2-0.35-0.60-0.1720-0.76+2.59
2024 R07ImolaKick Sauber2-0.14-0.83-0.16390.00+0.53
2024 R08Monte CarloKick Sauber2-0.59-1.05-0.3415-3.00+2.67
2024 R09MontrealKick Sauber1-0.82-0.91-0.6211+0.01+2.88
2024 R10CatalunyaKick Sauber2-0.10-0.38-0.5548-0.99-0.37
2024 R11SpielbergKick Sauber3+0.01-0.83+0.1158-1.50-0.01
2024 R12SilverstoneKick Sauber3+0.27-0.14+0.1312-0.11+0.38
2024 R13HungaroringKick Sauber2-0.01-0.62-0.2953-1.53+0.03
2024 R14Spa-FrancorchampsKick Sauber————0——
2024 R15ZandvoortKick Sauber3+0.34-0.72-0.2360-1.50-1.30
2024 R16MonzaKick Sauber2+0.02-1.03+0.0136-2.14-1.40
2024 R17BakuKick Sauber2-0.92-1.30-0.3731+1.39+0.73
2024 R18SingaporeKick Sauber2-0.37-1.06-0.2552-0.46-0.55
2024 R19AustinKick Sauber2+0.24-0.85-0.6838-1.61+0.16
2024 R20Mexico CityKick Sauber2+0.31-0.89+0.2349-0.42+0.20
2024 R22Las VegasKick Sauber2-1.02-0.71+0.0825-0.37-1.00
2024 R23LusailKick Sauber3+0.31-0.53+0.3031+0.13+1.33
2024 R24Yas Marina CircuitKick Sauber2-0.63-0.27+0.1239-0.12+0.60

HOW THIS IS CALCULATED

The definitions behind every number on this page. The full specification lives with the pipeline code (backend/pipeline/signature/SPEC.md).

REGULATION ERAS

An era is a period under one set of technical rules. When the rules change, every car brakes, turns and wears its tyres differently, so a driver's style relative to the field can shift too. Signatures are therefore computed separately for each era, and the driver page shows the most recent era with at least one scored axis. These eras are defined by the car rules, separate from the storytelling eras elsewhere on the site.

ERAWHAT DEFINES ITDATA IN THIS DATASET
LATE HYBRID
2018–2021
1.6-litre V6 turbo hybrid power units, used since 2014, in the wider, higher-downforce cars on wider tyres introduced in 2017.
The era starts in 2018, the first season of the official timing archive, although its car rules date from 2017.
2018–2021
30 drivers scored
GROUND EFFECT
2022–2025
THIS PAGE
Most downforce comes from two Venturi tunnels under the floor, with simplified wings and 18-inch low-profile tyres, so that cars can follow each other more closely.
2022–2025
31 drivers scored
ACTIVE AERO
2026 onwards
Front and rear wings switch between a corner mode and a low-drag straight mode, replacing DRS. Cars are shorter, narrower and lighter (768 kg), the floor tunnels are gone, and power is split roughly half and half between combustion and electric, with the MGU-H removed and fully sustainable fuel.
Energy recovery is a bigger part of each lap: drivers lift off before braking to recharge and cars harvest at full throttle at the end of straights. Throttle and braking traces reflect energy management as well as driving style.
2026
22 drivers scored

THE FIELD

Every measurement is a difference from the other cars in the same session. Comparing within a session cancels out the track, the weather, the tyre generation and the overall speed of that year's cars, which is what makes different weekends comparable. For each corner, or each race, the driver's value has the field median subtracted and is divided by the field's spread (a robust z-score, capped at ±3). A value of +1 means one typical field spread better than the median driver.

FROM LAPS TO A SCORE

  1. Pick the laps. Qualifying: up to 3 push laps per driver, within 1% of their own best and 107% of the fastest lap, on dry tyres, not deleted for track limits and not run under red or yellow flags. Race: clean laps only, meaning not lap 1, no pit laps, no safety car, virtual safety car, red or yellow flag, dry tyres, at least 1.5 s behind the car ahead, and within 107% of the driver's stint median.
  2. Measure.Corners are the slowest points of the session's fastest lap (dips of at least 25km/h). Every lap is mapped onto that lap's line, so all drivers' brake points and apexes share one distance scale. Full throttle means 98% pedal or more, and a lift is a drop of 10points. In the race, each stint's lap times are corrected for fuel (0.055 s per lap of fuel still on board) and fitted against tyre age: the slope is degradation (at least 8 clean laps), and the scatter around the line is consistency (at least 6).
  3. Compare with the field. Each corner needs at least 8 field laps; tyre degradation is compared on the same compound when at least 4 stints used it.
  4. Combine over the era. A weighted average of the session values. An axis is only scored with at least 5 qualifying sessions and 150 lap-corners, or 5 races and 8 stints; otherwise it stays empty rather than guessed.
  5. Rank.The 0–100 score is the driver-era's percentile among every driver-era in the dataset, so 50 is typical.
  6. Confidence.The driver's sessions are resampled 400 times and re-ranked. The 90% range runs from the 5th to the 95th percentile of those ranks, and confidence is 1 minus the average width of the ranges.

COMPARISON GROUPS

ERA AVG

The average of every driver scored in the same regulation era. It sits close to 50 on every axis: a typical driver.

ALL-TIME

The average of every driver-era in the dataset. Scores are ranks among those same driver-eras, so it sits at 50 on every axis by construction.

CHAMPIONS

World champions in the eras they won their titles, from the final standings of completed seasons. In the dataset: Lewis Hamilton (2018, 2019, 2020), Max Verstappen (2021, 2022, 2023, 2024), Lando Norris (2025).

TEAMMATES

The driver's teammates in this era, weighted by sessions shared. Same car, so this is the fairest comparison.

AXES

AXISMEASURESHIGHER MEANSDATA
STEERING SMOOTHNESSHow smoothly the driver steers through each corner.Not measured yet. No public feed carries steering angle; it will come from onboard video.NEEDS ONBOARD VIDEO
ENTRY AGGRESSIONSpeed as the driver comes off the brake, and the minimum speed through the corner.Carries more speed off the brake and through the slowest point.QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER
TYRE MANAGEMENTHow fast lap times drop off as the tyres age, corrected for fuel load.Loses less time per lap of tyre age than the field on the same compound.CLEAN RACE LAPS · PER STINT
THROTTLE APPLICATIONDistance from the slowest point of the corner to full throttle, and the number of throttle lifts in between.Reaches full throttle sooner after the apex, with fewer lifts.QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER
BRAKINGWhere the driver starts braking for each corner, and how long the braking zone lasts.Brakes later and over a shorter distance than the field.QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER
CONSISTENCYHow much clean lap times vary within a stint once the tyre-wear trend is removed.Smaller lap-to-lap variation than the field in the same race.CLEAN RACE LAPS · PER STINT

DATA AND COVERAGE

Source: Official F1 live-timing feed, read through TracingInsights' public FastF1 extraction (2018–2022) and the OpenF1 historical API (2023–2026). The feed gives car data (speed, throttle, brake on/off, gear) about 3.7 times a second, car positions, laps, tyre stints, gaps and race-control messages. It does not carry steering angle or brake pressure. 180 qualifying sessions and 186 races are scored.

SEASONWEEKENDSQUALIFYINGRACESNOT SCORED
20182120/2120/21
Australian qualifying: no race-control messages in the source, so flags cannot be applied
Australian race: no race-control messages in the source, so flags cannot be applied
20192121/2121/21—
20201715/1717/17
Styrian qualifying: wet
Turkish qualifying: wet
20212220/2222/22
Belgian qualifying: wet
Russian qualifying: mixed conditions, 6 drivers on dry tyres
20222220/2222/22
Canadian qualifying: wet
British qualifying: wet
20232221/2222/22
Dutch qualifying: mixed conditions, 9 drivers on dry tyres
20242422/2424/24
Belgian qualifying: wet
São Paulo qualifying: wet
20252422/2424/24
Azerbaijan qualifying: no lap data in the public feed
Las Vegas qualifying: wet
202619 (+4 still to run)19/1919/19—

KNOWN LIMITATIONS

  • The field includes faster and slower cars, so a driver in a quick car scores higher on car-sensitive measures such as minimum corner speed. The teammate comparison is where the car is held constant.
  • The braking point is not adjusted for approach speed: a driver who exits the previous corner faster arrives quicker and has to brake earlier. Braking describes style more than pace.
  • Tyre management cannot tell tyre wear apart from a driver deliberately controlling pace, so its ranges are wide.
  • From 2026, throttle and braking traces also reflect energy recovery (lifting before braking, harvesting at full throttle), not only driving style.
  • Steering smoothness needs steering angle, which no public feed carries. It is never estimated and will come from onboard video, along with seasons before 2018.

PIPELINE TIMING-0.1.0 · GENERATED 2026-11-02 · OFFICIAL F1 LIVE-TIMING FEED, READ THROUGH TRACINGINSIGHTS' PUBLIC FASTF1 EXTRACTION (2018–2022) AND THE OPENF1 HISTORICAL API (2023–2026)