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DRIVING SIGNATURE · FULL METRICS

Valtteri Bottas

Ground effect era (2022–2025) · data from 2022–2024 · Alfa Romeo, Kick Sauber

LATE HYBRID · 2018–2021GROUND EFFECT · 2022–2024ACTIVE AERO · 2026

LAPS USED

1,830

QUALIFYING

60

RACES

65

AXES SCORED

5/6

CONFIDENCE

0.76

How this is calculated — the era, the field, the comparison groups and every threshold.

OVERVIEW

Each axis is a 0–100 rank among every driver-era in the dataset, built from differences to the same-session field. The 90% range is where nine in ten resampled scores land. Rank is within the ground effect field.

STEERINGSMOOTHNESSPENDINGENTRY AGGRESSIONTYRE MANAGEMENTTHROTTLE APPLICATIONBRAKINGCONSISTENCY

DASHED: ERA AVG — The average of every driver scored in the same regulation era. It sits close to 50 on every axis: a typical driver.

AXISSCORE90% RANGERANKERA AVGALL-TIMECHAMPIONSTEAMMATES
STEERINGPENDING——————
ENTRY3125–3722/2951509223
TYRE MGMT144–5725/3047505131
THROTTLE4135–5218/2949507614
BRAKING3622–4320/2951507854
CONSISTENCY2110–2924/3149508120

AXIS BY AXIS

What each axis measures, where the driver sits among this era's drivers, the raw differences behind the score, and how it moved from weekend to weekend.

ENTRY AGGRESSION

QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER

Speed as the driver comes off the brake, and the minimum speed through the corner.

31/ 100
RANK 22 OF 29 · GROUND EFFECT FIELD
90% RANGE 25–37

Higher means: Carries more speed off the brake and through the slowest point.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Williams): 29Fernando Alonso (Aston Martin): 41Kimi Antonelli (Mercedes): 78Oliver Bearman (Haas F1 Team): 51Gabriel Bortoleto (Kick Sauber): 12Franco Colapinto (Alpine): 38Pierre Gasly (Alpine): 82Isack Hadjar (Racing Bulls): 71Lewis Hamilton (Mercedes): 55Nico Hulkenberg (Haas F1 Team): 35Nicholas Latifi (Williams): 3Liam Lawson (Racing Bulls): 50Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 83Kevin Magnussen (Haas F1 Team): 28Mick Schumacher (Haas F1 Team): 64Lando Norris (McLaren): 97Esteban Ocon (Alpine): 34Sergio Perez (Red Bull Racing): 70Oscar Piastri (McLaren): 96Daniel Ricciardo (McLaren): 69George Russell (Mercedes): 76Carlos Sainz (Ferrari): 54Logan Sargeant (Williams): 20Lance Stroll (Aston Martin): 19Yuki Tsunoda (AlphaTauri): 48Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 80Sebastian Vettel (Aston Martin): 43Guanyu Zhou (Alfa Romeo): 23Valtteri Bottas: 31

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

4.6 km/h less speed as the brake comes off.

1.6 km/h lower minimum corner speed.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

202220232024
2022 Sakhir: -0.482022 Jeddah: -0.412022 Melbourne: -1.042022 Imola: -0.532022 Miami: +0.272022 Barcelona: -0.062022 Monaco: -0.632022 Baku: -1.282022 Montréal: no usable session2022 Silverstone: no usable session2022 Spielberg: -0.172022 Le Castellet: -0.302022 Budapest: +0.282022 Spa-Francorchamps: -0.342022 Zandvoort: -0.622022 Monza: -0.822022 Marina Bay: no usable session2022 Suzuka: -0.462022 Austin: -0.642022 Mexico City: +0.482022 São Paulo: -1.512022 Yas Island: -0.542023 Sakhir: -0.212023 Jeddah: -0.302023 Melbourne: -1.152023 Baku: -0.182023 Miami: -0.242023 Monte Carlo: -0.132023 Catalunya: -0.662023 Montreal: -0.472023 Spielberg: -0.242023 Silverstone: -0.902023 Hungaroring: +0.522023 Spa-Francorchamps: no usable session2023 Zandvoort: no usable session2023 Monza: -0.912023 Singapore: -0.242023 Suzuka: -0.232023 Lusail: +0.232023 Austin: 0.002023 Mexico City: -0.052023 Interlagos: +0.122023 Las Vegas: -0.322023 Yas Marina Circuit: -0.462024 Sakhir: -0.812024 Jeddah: -0.912024 Melbourne: -0.492024 Suzuka: -0.102024 Shanghai: +0.392024 Miami: -0.392024 Imola: -0.432024 Monte Carlo: -0.592024 Montreal: -0.022024 Catalunya: -0.122024 Spielberg: -0.202024 Silverstone: no usable session2024 Hungaroring: -0.042024 Spa-Francorchamps: no usable session2024 Zandvoort: -0.212024 Monza: -1.192024 Baku: -1.222024 Singapore: -0.862024 Austin: -0.472024 Mexico City: -0.372024 Las Vegas: -1.562024 Lusail: -0.242024 Yas Marina Circuit: +0.03

60 SESSIONS · 1059 LAP-CORNERS · MINIMUM 5 QUALIFYING SESSIONS AND 150 LAP-CORNERS

TYRE MANAGEMENT

CLEAN RACE LAPS · PER STINT

How fast lap times drop off as the tyres age, corrected for fuel load.

14/ 100
RANK 25 OF 30 · GROUND EFFECT FIELD
90% RANGE 4–57

Higher means: Loses less time per lap of tyre age than the field on the same compound.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Williams): 65Fernando Alonso (Aston Martin): 96Kimi Antonelli (Mercedes): 85Oliver Bearman (Haas F1 Team): 90Gabriel Bortoleto (Kick Sauber): 5Franco Colapinto (Alpine): 21Nyck De Vries (AlphaTauri): 12Pierre Gasly (Alpine): 27Isack Hadjar (Racing Bulls): 51Lewis Hamilton (Mercedes): 55Nico Hulkenberg (Haas F1 Team): 23Nicholas Latifi (Williams): 7Liam Lawson (Racing Bulls): 76Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 41Kevin Magnussen (Haas F1 Team): 19Mick Schumacher (Haas F1 Team): 32Lando Norris (McLaren): 57Esteban Ocon (Alpine): 66Sergio Perez (Red Bull Racing): 13Oscar Piastri (McLaren): 77Daniel Ricciardo (McLaren): 73George Russell (Mercedes): 71Carlos Sainz (Ferrari): 68Logan Sargeant (Williams): 1Lance Stroll (Aston Martin): 30Yuki Tsunoda (AlphaTauri): 45Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 48Sebastian Vettel (Aston Martin): 97Guanyu Zhou (Alfa Romeo): 31Valtteri Bottas: 14

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

Loses 0.058 s per lap of tyre age after fuel correction, 0.012 s/lap more than the race median.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

202220232024
2022 Sakhir: no usable session2022 Jeddah: no usable session2022 Melbourne: no usable session2022 Imola: +1.822022 Miami: -0.492022 Barcelona: +0.242022 Monaco: -0.842022 Baku: +0.682022 Montréal: +0.722022 Silverstone: no usable session2022 Spielberg: -0.422022 Le Castellet: +1.442022 Budapest: -0.672022 Spa-Francorchamps: no usable session2022 Zandvoort: -0.592022 Monza: +1.322022 Marina Bay: -0.852022 Suzuka: no usable session2022 Austin: no usable session2022 Mexico City: +0.642022 São Paulo: +1.182022 Yas Island: +1.832023 Sakhir: +0.212023 Jeddah: -1.252023 Melbourne: +0.862023 Baku: -2.322023 Miami: -0.632023 Monte Carlo: -0.042023 Catalunya: -0.202023 Montreal: +1.282023 Spielberg: -0.802023 Silverstone: +1.512023 Hungaroring: 0.002023 Spa-Francorchamps: +0.192023 Zandvoort: -0.872023 Monza: -0.332023 Singapore: +0.482023 Suzuka: no usable session2023 Lusail: -0.212023 Austin: +1.132023 Mexico City: no usable session2023 Interlagos: -3.002023 Las Vegas: +0.522023 Yas Marina Circuit: -0.462024 Sakhir: -0.382024 Jeddah: -0.352024 Melbourne: -0.042024 Suzuka: no usable session2024 Shanghai: no usable session2024 Miami: -0.352024 Imola: -2.982024 Monte Carlo: -3.002024 Montreal: -1.242024 Catalunya: -0.232024 Spielberg: +0.342024 Silverstone: +0.582024 Hungaroring: -0.722024 Spa-Francorchamps: +0.272024 Zandvoort: -1.602024 Monza: +0.812024 Baku: -0.732024 Singapore: +0.232024 Austin: -1.362024 Mexico City: -0.312024 Las Vegas: -0.672024 Lusail: -3.002024 Yas Marina Circuit: -3.00

56 SESSIONS · 88 STINTS · MINIMUM 5 RACES AND 8 STINTS

THROTTLE APPLICATION

QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER

Distance from the slowest point of the corner to full throttle, and the number of throttle lifts in between.

41/ 100
RANK 18 OF 29 · GROUND EFFECT FIELD
90% RANGE 35–52

Higher means: Reaches full throttle sooner after the apex, with fewer lifts.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Williams): 3Fernando Alonso (Aston Martin): 72Kimi Antonelli (Mercedes): 65Oliver Bearman (Haas F1 Team): 28Gabriel Bortoleto (Kick Sauber): 55Franco Colapinto (Alpine): 8Pierre Gasly (Alpine): 80Isack Hadjar (Racing Bulls): 82Lewis Hamilton (Mercedes): 38Nico Hulkenberg (Haas F1 Team): 48Nicholas Latifi (Williams): 6Liam Lawson (Racing Bulls): 77Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 40Kevin Magnussen (Haas F1 Team): 44Mick Schumacher (Haas F1 Team): 23Lando Norris (McLaren): 52Esteban Ocon (Alpine): 15Sergio Perez (Red Bull Racing): 99Oscar Piastri (McLaren): 31Daniel Ricciardo (McLaren): 59George Russell (Mercedes): 81Carlos Sainz (Ferrari): 50Logan Sargeant (Williams): 10Lance Stroll (Aston Martin): 86Yuki Tsunoda (AlphaTauri): 71Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 98Sebastian Vettel (Aston Martin): 51Guanyu Zhou (Alfa Romeo): 14Valtteri Bottas: 41

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

Reaches full throttle 3.0 m further from the apex than the field median.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

202220232024
2022 Sakhir: -0.142022 Jeddah: +0.172022 Melbourne: +0.302022 Imola: -0.042022 Miami: +0.142022 Barcelona: -0.132022 Monaco: +0.372022 Baku: -0.602022 Montréal: no usable session2022 Silverstone: no usable session2022 Spielberg: -0.162022 Le Castellet: -0.062022 Budapest: -0.012022 Spa-Francorchamps: -0.382022 Zandvoort: -0.502022 Monza: +0.162022 Marina Bay: no usable session2022 Suzuka: -0.242022 Austin: +0.172022 Mexico City: -0.072022 São Paulo: -0.772022 Yas Island: +0.322023 Sakhir: +0.132023 Jeddah: +0.012023 Melbourne: +0.162023 Baku: +0.132023 Miami: -0.172023 Monte Carlo: -0.152023 Catalunya: -0.062023 Montreal: -0.232023 Spielberg: -0.102023 Silverstone: +0.062023 Hungaroring: -0.222023 Spa-Francorchamps: no usable session2023 Zandvoort: no usable session2023 Monza: -0.102023 Singapore: -0.392023 Suzuka: -0.232023 Lusail: -0.032023 Austin: +0.152023 Mexico City: -0.132023 Interlagos: -0.552023 Las Vegas: +0.022023 Yas Marina Circuit: +0.042024 Sakhir: +0.092024 Jeddah: +0.062024 Melbourne: +0.102024 Suzuka: -0.172024 Shanghai: +0.142024 Miami: +0.252024 Imola: -0.652024 Monte Carlo: -0.202024 Montreal: -0.122024 Catalunya: -0.162024 Spielberg: -0.322024 Silverstone: no usable session2024 Hungaroring: -0.302024 Spa-Francorchamps: no usable session2024 Zandvoort: -0.302024 Monza: -0.582024 Baku: -0.582024 Singapore: +0.092024 Austin: -0.062024 Mexico City: -0.332024 Las Vegas: +0.112024 Lusail: +0.152024 Yas Marina Circuit: +0.44

60 SESSIONS · 1005 LAP-CORNERS · MINIMUM 5 QUALIFYING SESSIONS AND 150 LAP-CORNERS

BRAKING

QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER

Where the driver starts braking for each corner, and how long the braking zone lasts.

36/ 100
RANK 20 OF 29 · GROUND EFFECT FIELD
90% RANGE 22–43

Higher means: Brakes later and over a shorter distance than the field.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Williams): 22Fernando Alonso (Aston Martin): 76Kimi Antonelli (Mercedes): 62Oliver Bearman (Haas F1 Team): 41Gabriel Bortoleto (Kick Sauber): 23Franco Colapinto (Alpine): 18Pierre Gasly (Alpine): 64Isack Hadjar (Racing Bulls): 82Lewis Hamilton (Mercedes): 77Nico Hulkenberg (Haas F1 Team): 48Nicholas Latifi (Williams): 3Liam Lawson (Racing Bulls): 51Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 67Kevin Magnussen (Haas F1 Team): 34Mick Schumacher (Haas F1 Team): 19Lando Norris (McLaren): 80Esteban Ocon (Alpine): 20Sergio Perez (Red Bull Racing): 45Oscar Piastri (McLaren): 83Daniel Ricciardo (McLaren): 71George Russell (Mercedes): 72Carlos Sainz (Ferrari): 35Logan Sargeant (Williams): 28Lance Stroll (Aston Martin): 65Yuki Tsunoda (AlphaTauri): 87Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 56Sebastian Vettel (Aston Martin): 50Guanyu Zhou (Alfa Romeo): 54Valtteri Bottas: 36

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

Starts braking 2.8 m earlier than the field median.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

202220232024
2022 Sakhir: +0.022022 Jeddah: -0.252022 Melbourne: -0.512022 Imola: -0.172022 Miami: +0.062022 Barcelona: -0.022022 Monaco: -0.132022 Baku: -0.672022 Montréal: no usable session2022 Silverstone: no usable session2022 Spielberg: -0.092022 Le Castellet: -0.192022 Budapest: -0.382022 Spa-Francorchamps: -0.562022 Zandvoort: -0.512022 Monza: -0.232022 Marina Bay: no usable session2022 Suzuka: +0.302022 Austin: -0.102022 Mexico City: -0.392022 São Paulo: -0.792022 Yas Island: +0.452023 Sakhir: -0.122023 Jeddah: -0.132023 Melbourne: -0.242023 Baku: -0.362023 Miami: -0.052023 Monte Carlo: -0.422023 Catalunya: +0.092023 Montreal: -0.142023 Spielberg: -0.262023 Silverstone: -0.722023 Hungaroring: -0.412023 Spa-Francorchamps: no usable session2023 Zandvoort: no usable session2023 Monza: -0.672023 Singapore: +0.032023 Suzuka: +0.172023 Lusail: -0.062023 Austin: -0.342023 Mexico City: +0.092023 Interlagos: -0.072023 Las Vegas: -0.422023 Yas Marina Circuit: -0.632024 Sakhir: -0.352024 Jeddah: -0.602024 Melbourne: +0.032024 Suzuka: +0.102024 Shanghai: +0.062024 Miami: +0.142024 Imola: -0.982024 Monte Carlo: -0.692024 Montreal: -0.542024 Catalunya: -0.242024 Spielberg: +0.282024 Silverstone: no usable session2024 Hungaroring: -0.642024 Spa-Francorchamps: no usable session2024 Zandvoort: -0.172024 Monza: -0.392024 Baku: -0.852024 Singapore: -0.352024 Austin: -0.012024 Mexico City: -0.412024 Las Vegas: -0.962024 Lusail: +0.252024 Yas Marina Circuit: +0.62

60 SESSIONS · 965 LAP-CORNERS · MINIMUM 5 QUALIFYING SESSIONS AND 150 LAP-CORNERS

CONSISTENCY

CLEAN RACE LAPS · PER STINT

How much clean lap times vary within a stint once the tyre-wear trend is removed.

21/ 100
RANK 24 OF 31 · GROUND EFFECT FIELD
90% RANGE 10–29

Higher means: Smaller lap-to-lap variation than the field in the same race.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Williams): 62Fernando Alonso (Aston Martin): 38Kimi Antonelli (Mercedes): 81Oliver Bearman (Haas F1 Team): 36Gabriel Bortoleto (Kick Sauber): 25Franco Colapinto (Alpine): 39Nyck De Vries (AlphaTauri): 33Jack Doohan (Alpine): 9Pierre Gasly (Alpine): 79Isack Hadjar (Racing Bulls): 55Lewis Hamilton (Mercedes): 46Nico Hulkenberg (Haas F1 Team): 19Nicholas Latifi (Williams): 5Liam Lawson (Racing Bulls): 70Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 72Kevin Magnussen (Haas F1 Team): 11Mick Schumacher (Haas F1 Team): 13Lando Norris (McLaren): 75Esteban Ocon (Alpine): 83Sergio Perez (Red Bull Racing): 52Oscar Piastri (McLaren): 56Daniel Ricciardo (McLaren): 31George Russell (Mercedes): 93Carlos Sainz (Ferrari): 89Logan Sargeant (Williams): 16Lance Stroll (Aston Martin): 68Yuki Tsunoda (AlphaTauri): 42Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 97Sebastian Vettel (Aston Martin): 78Guanyu Zhou (Alfa Romeo): 20Valtteri Bottas: 21

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

Lap times scatter 0.407 s around the stint trend, 0.119 s looser than the field median.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

202220232024
2022 Sakhir: -0.972022 Jeddah: no usable session2022 Melbourne: -1.382022 Imola: -1.112022 Miami: +0.152022 Barcelona: -0.432022 Monaco: +0.542022 Baku: -0.992022 Montréal: +0.672022 Silverstone: no usable session2022 Spielberg: -2.322022 Le Castellet: -0.732022 Budapest: +0.122022 Spa-Francorchamps: no usable session2022 Zandvoort: -1.132022 Monza: -0.482022 Marina Bay: -1.682022 Suzuka: no usable session2022 Austin: no usable session2022 Mexico City: -1.022022 São Paulo: -0.352022 Yas Island: -1.422023 Sakhir: +0.442023 Jeddah: -0.642023 Melbourne: -0.802023 Baku: -0.102023 Miami: -0.212023 Monte Carlo: +0.012023 Catalunya: -2.612023 Montreal: -1.202023 Spielberg: -0.722023 Silverstone: -1.172023 Hungaroring: -0.212023 Spa-Francorchamps: +0.372023 Zandvoort: +0.572023 Monza: +0.382023 Singapore: -0.542023 Suzuka: no usable session2023 Lusail: +0.262023 Austin: +0.592023 Mexico City: no usable session2023 Interlagos: -1.082023 Las Vegas: -0.842023 Yas Marina Circuit: -2.082024 Sakhir: -0.802024 Jeddah: -0.992024 Melbourne: -0.492024 Suzuka: no usable session2024 Shanghai: -0.672024 Miami: +0.562024 Imola: -0.682024 Monte Carlo: -3.002024 Montreal: -1.692024 Catalunya: -1.262024 Spielberg: -0.852024 Silverstone: -1.922024 Hungaroring: -1.312024 Spa-Francorchamps: -1.632024 Zandvoort: 0.002024 Monza: -0.872024 Baku: -0.222024 Singapore: +0.622024 Austin: -1.862024 Mexico City: +0.212024 Las Vegas: -2.092024 Lusail: -3.002024 Yas Marina Circuit: -0.86

59 SESSIONS · 100 STINTS · MINIMUM 5 RACES AND 8 STINTS

STEERING SMOOTHNESS

NEEDS ONBOARD VIDEO

How smoothly the driver steers through each corner.

PENDING

Not measured yet. No public feed carries steering angle; it will come from onboard video.

TEAMMATES

Same car, same sessions. Each cell is the average difference over the sessions they shared, in field-spread units: +0.30 means 0.3 of a typical field spread better on that axis. Qualifying H2H is the share of shared qualifying sessions where Bottas's best lap was faster.

TEAMMATESHAREDQUALI H2HENTRYTYRE MGMTTHROTTLEBRAKINGCONSISTENCY
Guanyu Zhou121
58 Q · 63 R
74%+0.12-0.16+0.15-0.23-0.11

SESSION LOG

Every weekend in this era. Values are the difference from that session's field in field-spread units, green better and red worse. A dash means the session was skipped (wet, or no data) or the driver had no usable laps.

WEEKENDCIRCUITTEAMQ LAPSBRAKINGENTRYTHROTTLERACE LAPSCONSISTENCYTYRE MGMT
2022 R01SakhirAlfa Romeo3+0.02-0.48-0.1413-0.97—
2022 R02JeddahAlfa Romeo3-0.25-0.41+0.170——
2022 R03MelbourneAlfa Romeo3-0.51-1.04+0.306-1.38—
2022 R04ImolaAlfa Romeo2-0.17-0.53-0.0432-1.11+1.82
2022 R05MiamiAlfa Romeo3+0.06+0.27+0.1437+0.15-0.49
2022 R06BarcelonaAlfa Romeo3-0.02-0.06-0.1356-0.43+0.24
2022 R07MonacoAlfa Romeo3-0.13-0.63+0.3712+0.54-0.84
2022 R08BakuAlfa Romeo1-0.67-1.28-0.6038-0.99+0.68
2022 R09MontréalAlfa Romeo————27+0.67+0.72
2022 R10SilverstoneAlfa Romeo————0——
2022 R11SpielbergAlfa Romeo3-0.09-0.17-0.1617-2.32-0.42
2022 R12Le CastelletAlfa Romeo3-0.19-0.30-0.0612-0.73+1.44
2022 R13BudapestAlfa Romeo3-0.38+0.28-0.0134+0.12-0.67
2022 R14Spa-FrancorchampsAlfa Romeo1-0.56-0.34-0.38———
2022 R15ZandvoortAlfa Romeo2-0.51-0.62-0.5020-1.13-0.59
2022 R16MonzaAlfa Romeo3-0.23-0.82+0.1623-0.48+1.32
2022 R17Marina BayAlfa Romeo————18-1.68-0.85
2022 R18SuzukaAlfa Romeo3+0.30-0.46-0.24———
2022 R19AustinAlfa Romeo3-0.10-0.64+0.170——
2022 R20Mexico CityAlfa Romeo3-0.39+0.48-0.0741-1.02+0.64
2022 R21São PauloAlfa Romeo1-0.79-1.51-0.7726-0.35+1.18
2022 R22Yas IslandAlfa Romeo1+0.45-0.54+0.3230-1.42+1.83
2023 R01SakhirAlfa Romeo3-0.12-0.21+0.1338+0.44+0.21
2023 R02JeddahAlfa Romeo3-0.13-0.30+0.0131-0.64-1.25
2023 R03MelbourneAlfa Romeo3-0.24-1.15+0.1622-0.80+0.86
2023 R04BakuAlfa Romeo3-0.36-0.18+0.1326-0.10-2.32
2023 R05MiamiAlfa Romeo3-0.05-0.24-0.1746-0.21-0.63
2023 R06Monte CarloAlfa Romeo3-0.42-0.13-0.1517+0.01-0.04
2023 R07CatalunyaAlfa Romeo3+0.09-0.66-0.0654-2.61-0.20
2023 R08MontrealAlfa Romeo1-0.14-0.47-0.2311-1.20+1.28
2023 R09SpielbergAlfa Romeo3-0.26-0.24-0.1037-0.72-0.80
2023 R10SilverstoneAlfa Romeo1-0.72-0.90+0.0626-1.17+1.51
2023 R11HungaroringAlfa Romeo3-0.41+0.52-0.2227-0.210.00
2023 R12Spa-FrancorchampsAlfa Romeo————16+0.37+0.19
2023 R13ZandvoortAlfa Romeo————14+0.57-0.87
2023 R14MonzaAlfa Romeo3-0.67-0.91-0.1024+0.38-0.33
2023 R15SingaporeAlfa Romeo2+0.03-0.24-0.3937-0.54+0.48
2023 R16SuzukaAlfa Romeo1+0.17-0.23-0.230——
2023 R17LusailAlfa Romeo3-0.06+0.23-0.0340+0.26-0.21
2023 R18AustinAlfa Romeo3-0.340.00+0.1524+0.59+1.13
2023 R19Mexico CityAlfa Romeo3+0.09-0.05-0.130——
2023 R20InterlagosAlfa Romeo3-0.07+0.12-0.5517-1.08-3.00
2023 R21Las VegasAlfa Romeo3-0.42-0.32+0.0227-0.84+0.52
2023 R22Yas Marina CircuitAlfa Romeo2-0.63-0.46+0.0435-2.08-0.46
2024 R01SakhirKick Sauber2-0.35-0.81+0.0936-0.80-0.38
2024 R02JeddahKick Sauber3-0.60-0.91+0.0627-0.99-0.35
2024 R03MelbourneKick Sauber3+0.03-0.49+0.1041-0.49-0.04
2024 R04SuzukaKick Sauber3+0.10-0.10-0.170——
2024 R05ShanghaiKick Sauber3+0.06+0.39+0.146-0.67—
2024 R06MiamiKick Sauber2+0.14-0.39+0.2527+0.56-0.35
2024 R07ImolaKick Sauber1-0.98-0.43-0.6549-0.68-2.98
2024 R08Monte CarloKick Sauber2-0.69-0.59-0.209-3.00-3.00
2024 R09MontrealKick Sauber1-0.54-0.02-0.1211-1.69-1.24
2024 R10CatalunyaKick Sauber3-0.24-0.12-0.1646-1.26-0.23
2024 R11SpielbergKick Sauber2+0.28-0.20-0.3252-0.85+0.34
2024 R12SilverstoneKick Sauber————30-1.92+0.58
2024 R13HungaroringKick Sauber2-0.64-0.04-0.3032-1.31-0.72
2024 R14Spa-FrancorchampsKick Sauber————17-1.63+0.27
2024 R15ZandvoortKick Sauber3-0.17-0.21-0.30600.00-1.60
2024 R16MonzaKick Sauber1-0.39-1.19-0.5839-0.87+0.81
2024 R17BakuKick Sauber1-0.85-1.22-0.5834-0.22-0.73
2024 R18SingaporeKick Sauber2-0.35-0.86+0.0928+0.62+0.23
2024 R19AustinKick Sauber3-0.01-0.47-0.0631-1.86-1.36
2024 R20Mexico CityKick Sauber3-0.41-0.37-0.3349+0.21-0.31
2024 R22Las VegasKick Sauber2-0.96-1.56+0.1113-2.09-0.67
2024 R23LusailKick Sauber3+0.25-0.24+0.1515-3.00-3.00
2024 R24Yas Marina CircuitKick Sauber3+0.62+0.03+0.4420-0.86-3.00

HOW THIS IS CALCULATED

The definitions behind every number on this page. The full specification lives with the pipeline code (backend/pipeline/signature/SPEC.md).

REGULATION ERAS

An era is a period under one set of technical rules. When the rules change, every car brakes, turns and wears its tyres differently, so a driver's style relative to the field can shift too. Signatures are therefore computed separately for each era, and the driver page shows the most recent era with at least one scored axis. These eras are defined by the car rules, separate from the storytelling eras elsewhere on the site.

ERAWHAT DEFINES ITDATA IN THIS DATASET
LATE HYBRID
2018–2021
1.6-litre V6 turbo hybrid power units, used since 2014, in the wider, higher-downforce cars on wider tyres introduced in 2017.
The era starts in 2018, the first season of the official timing archive, although its car rules date from 2017.
2018–2021
30 drivers scored
GROUND EFFECT
2022–2025
THIS PAGE
Most downforce comes from two Venturi tunnels under the floor, with simplified wings and 18-inch low-profile tyres, so that cars can follow each other more closely.
2022–2025
31 drivers scored
ACTIVE AERO
2026 onwards
Front and rear wings switch between a corner mode and a low-drag straight mode, replacing DRS. Cars are shorter, narrower and lighter (768 kg), the floor tunnels are gone, and power is split roughly half and half between combustion and electric, with the MGU-H removed and fully sustainable fuel.
Energy recovery is a bigger part of each lap: drivers lift off before braking to recharge and cars harvest at full throttle at the end of straights. Throttle and braking traces reflect energy management as well as driving style.
2026
22 drivers scored

THE FIELD

Every measurement is a difference from the other cars in the same session. Comparing within a session cancels out the track, the weather, the tyre generation and the overall speed of that year's cars, which is what makes different weekends comparable. For each corner, or each race, the driver's value has the field median subtracted and is divided by the field's spread (a robust z-score, capped at ±3). A value of +1 means one typical field spread better than the median driver.

FROM LAPS TO A SCORE

  1. Pick the laps. Qualifying: up to 3 push laps per driver, within 1% of their own best and 107% of the fastest lap, on dry tyres, not deleted for track limits and not run under red or yellow flags. Race: clean laps only, meaning not lap 1, no pit laps, no safety car, virtual safety car, red or yellow flag, dry tyres, at least 1.5 s behind the car ahead, and within 107% of the driver's stint median.
  2. Measure.Corners are the slowest points of the session's fastest lap (dips of at least 25km/h). Every lap is mapped onto that lap's line, so all drivers' brake points and apexes share one distance scale. Full throttle means 98% pedal or more, and a lift is a drop of 10points. In the race, each stint's lap times are corrected for fuel (0.055 s per lap of fuel still on board) and fitted against tyre age: the slope is degradation (at least 8 clean laps), and the scatter around the line is consistency (at least 6).
  3. Compare with the field. Each corner needs at least 8 field laps; tyre degradation is compared on the same compound when at least 4 stints used it.
  4. Combine over the era. A weighted average of the session values. An axis is only scored with at least 5 qualifying sessions and 150 lap-corners, or 5 races and 8 stints; otherwise it stays empty rather than guessed.
  5. Rank.The 0–100 score is the driver-era's percentile among every driver-era in the dataset, so 50 is typical.
  6. Confidence.The driver's sessions are resampled 400 times and re-ranked. The 90% range runs from the 5th to the 95th percentile of those ranks, and confidence is 1 minus the average width of the ranges.

COMPARISON GROUPS

ERA AVG

The average of every driver scored in the same regulation era. It sits close to 50 on every axis: a typical driver.

ALL-TIME

The average of every driver-era in the dataset. Scores are ranks among those same driver-eras, so it sits at 50 on every axis by construction.

CHAMPIONS

World champions in the eras they won their titles, from the final standings of completed seasons. In the dataset: Lewis Hamilton (2018, 2019, 2020), Max Verstappen (2021, 2022, 2023, 2024), Lando Norris (2025).

TEAMMATES

The driver's teammates in this era, weighted by sessions shared. Same car, so this is the fairest comparison.

AXES

AXISMEASURESHIGHER MEANSDATA
STEERING SMOOTHNESSHow smoothly the driver steers through each corner.Not measured yet. No public feed carries steering angle; it will come from onboard video.NEEDS ONBOARD VIDEO
ENTRY AGGRESSIONSpeed as the driver comes off the brake, and the minimum speed through the corner.Carries more speed off the brake and through the slowest point.QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER
TYRE MANAGEMENTHow fast lap times drop off as the tyres age, corrected for fuel load.Loses less time per lap of tyre age than the field on the same compound.CLEAN RACE LAPS · PER STINT
THROTTLE APPLICATIONDistance from the slowest point of the corner to full throttle, and the number of throttle lifts in between.Reaches full throttle sooner after the apex, with fewer lifts.QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER
BRAKINGWhere the driver starts braking for each corner, and how long the braking zone lasts.Brakes later and over a shorter distance than the field.QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER
CONSISTENCYHow much clean lap times vary within a stint once the tyre-wear trend is removed.Smaller lap-to-lap variation than the field in the same race.CLEAN RACE LAPS · PER STINT

DATA AND COVERAGE

Source: Official F1 live-timing feed, read through TracingInsights' public FastF1 extraction (2018–2022) and the OpenF1 historical API (2023–2026). The feed gives car data (speed, throttle, brake on/off, gear) about 3.7 times a second, car positions, laps, tyre stints, gaps and race-control messages. It does not carry steering angle or brake pressure. 180 qualifying sessions and 186 races are scored.

SEASONWEEKENDSQUALIFYINGRACESNOT SCORED
20182120/2120/21
Australian qualifying: no race-control messages in the source, so flags cannot be applied
Australian race: no race-control messages in the source, so flags cannot be applied
20192121/2121/21—
20201715/1717/17
Styrian qualifying: wet
Turkish qualifying: wet
20212220/2222/22
Belgian qualifying: wet
Russian qualifying: mixed conditions, 6 drivers on dry tyres
20222220/2222/22
Canadian qualifying: wet
British qualifying: wet
20232221/2222/22
Dutch qualifying: mixed conditions, 9 drivers on dry tyres
20242422/2424/24
Belgian qualifying: wet
São Paulo qualifying: wet
20252422/2424/24
Azerbaijan qualifying: no lap data in the public feed
Las Vegas qualifying: wet
202619 (+4 still to run)19/1919/19—

KNOWN LIMITATIONS

  • The field includes faster and slower cars, so a driver in a quick car scores higher on car-sensitive measures such as minimum corner speed. The teammate comparison is where the car is held constant.
  • The braking point is not adjusted for approach speed: a driver who exits the previous corner faster arrives quicker and has to brake earlier. Braking describes style more than pace.
  • Tyre management cannot tell tyre wear apart from a driver deliberately controlling pace, so its ranges are wide.
  • From 2026, throttle and braking traces also reflect energy recovery (lifting before braking, harvesting at full throttle), not only driving style.
  • Steering smoothness needs steering angle, which no public feed carries. It is never estimated and will come from onboard video, along with seasons before 2018.

PIPELINE TIMING-0.1.0 · GENERATED 2026-11-02 · OFFICIAL F1 LIVE-TIMING FEED, READ THROUGH TRACINGINSIGHTS' PUBLIC FASTF1 EXTRACTION (2018–2022) AND THE OPENF1 HISTORICAL API (2023–2026)