f(x)
f(1)/DRIVERS/BOTTAS/SIGNATURE
← DRIVER PAGE

DRIVING SIGNATURE · FULL METRICS

Valtteri Bottas

Late hybrid era (2018–2021) · data from 2018–2021 · Mercedes

LATE HYBRID · 2018–2021GROUND EFFECT · 2022–2024ACTIVE AERO · 2026

LAPS USED

2,928

QUALIFYING

76

RACES

75

AXES SCORED

5/6

CONFIDENCE

0.82

How this is calculated — the era, the field, the comparison groups and every threshold.

OVERVIEW

Each axis is a 0–100 rank among every driver-era in the dataset, built from differences to the same-session field. The 90% range is where nine in ten resampled scores land. Rank is within the late hybrid field.

STEERINGSMOOTHNESSPENDINGENTRY AGGRESSIONTYRE MANAGEMENTTHROTTLE APPLICATIONBRAKINGCONSISTENCY

DASHED: ERA AVG — The average of every driver scored in the same regulation era. It sits close to 50 on every axis: a typical driver.

AXISSCORE90% RANGERANKERA AVGALL-TIMECHAMPIONSTEAMMATES
STEERINGPENDING——————
ENTRY9998–1001/3047509297
TYRE MGMT107–2427/3053505159
THROTTLE7562–836/3050507660
BRAKING8683–916/3049507896
CONSISTENCY4429–7219/3049508157

AXIS BY AXIS

What each axis measures, where the driver sits among this era's drivers, the raw differences behind the score, and how it moved from weekend to weekend.

ENTRY AGGRESSION

QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER

Speed as the driver comes off the brake, and the minimum speed through the corner.

99/ 100
RANK 1 OF 30 · LATE HYBRID FIELD
90% RANGE 98–100

Higher means: Carries more speed off the brake and through the slowest point.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Red Bull Racing): 77Fernando Alonso (Alpine): 40Marcus Ericsson (Sauber): 65Pierre Gasly (AlphaTauri): 81Antonio Giovinazzi (Alfa Romeo Racing): 33Romain Grosjean (Haas F1 Team): 25Lewis Hamilton (Mercedes): 98Brendon Hartley (Toro Rosso): 46Nico Hulkenberg (Renault): 73Robert Kubica (Williams): 1Daniil Kvyat (Toro Rosso): 44Nicholas Latifi (Williams): 6Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 59Kevin Magnussen (Haas F1 Team): 27Nikita Mazepin (Haas F1 Team): 2Mick Schumacher (Haas F1 Team): 13Lando Norris (McLaren): 67Esteban Ocon (Alpine): 49Sergio Perez (Racing Point): 45Kimi Räikkönen (Alfa Romeo Racing): 24Daniel Ricciardo (Renault): 90George Russell (Williams): 22Carlos Sainz (McLaren): 52Sergey Sirotkin (Williams): 4Lance Stroll (Racing Point): 17Yuki Tsunoda (AlphaTauri): 61Stoffel Vandoorne (McLaren): 15Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 93Sebastian Vettel (Ferrari): 66Valtteri Bottas: 99

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

6.3 km/h more speed as the brake comes off.

4.4 km/h higher minimum corner speed.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

2018201920202021
2018 Sakhir: +0.992018 Shanghai: +0.582018 Baku: +0.922018 Barcelona: +1.352018 Monte Carlo: +0.752018 Montréal: +0.852018 Le Castellet: +0.822018 Spielberg: +1.092018 Silverstone: +1.142018 Hockenheim: +0.922018 Budapest: +0.582018 Spa-Francorchamps: +1.432018 Monza: +0.992018 Singapore: +1.092018 Sochi: +1.532018 Suzuka: +0.962018 Austin: +0.612018 Mexico City: +0.812018 São Paulo: +1.052018 Yas Marina: +1.462019 Melbourne: +1.592019 Sakhir: +1.042019 Shanghai: +1.292019 Baku: +0.932019 Barcelona: +1.282019 Monte Carlo: +1.232019 Montréal: +0.782019 Le Castellet: +0.832019 Spielberg: +1.232019 Silverstone: +1.462019 Hockenheim: +0.912019 Budapest: +1.812019 Spa-Francorchamps: +1.122019 Monza: +1.672019 Singapore: +1.142019 Sochi: +0.772019 Suzuka: +0.772019 Mexico City: +1.282019 Austin: +0.692019 São Paulo: +1.132019 Yas Island: +1.092020 Spielberg: +0.812020 Spielberg: no usable session2020 Budapest: +1.212020 Silverstone: +0.952020 Silverstone: +0.762020 Barcelona: +1.462020 Spa-Francorchamps: +0.742020 Monza: +0.822020 Mugello: +0.672020 Sochi: -0.082020 Nürburgring: +0.372020 Portimão: +0.672020 Imola: +0.602020 Sakhir: +0.652020 Sakhir: +0.062020 Yas Island: +0.792021 Sakhir: +0.482021 Imola: +0.772021 Portimão: +0.892021 Barcelona: +0.782021 Monte Carlo: +0.662021 Baku: +0.192021 Le Castellet: +0.432021 Spielberg: +1.152021 Spielberg: +0.842021 Silverstone: +0.962021 Budapest: +1.062021 Zandvoort: +0.332021 Monza: +0.702021 Sochi: no usable session2021 Istanbul: +0.342021 Austin: +0.212021 Mexico City: +0.952021 São Paulo: +0.842021 Lusail: +0.722021 Jeddah: +0.082021 Yas Island: +0.57

76 SESSIONS · 1549 LAP-CORNERS · MINIMUM 5 QUALIFYING SESSIONS AND 150 LAP-CORNERS

TYRE MANAGEMENT

CLEAN RACE LAPS · PER STINT

How fast lap times drop off as the tyres age, corrected for fuel load.

10/ 100
RANK 27 OF 30 · LATE HYBRID FIELD
90% RANGE 7–24

Higher means: Loses less time per lap of tyre age than the field on the same compound.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Red Bull Racing): 63Fernando Alonso (Alpine): 93Marcus Ericsson (Sauber): 84Pierre Gasly (AlphaTauri): 49Antonio Giovinazzi (Alfa Romeo Racing): 15Romain Grosjean (Haas F1 Team): 47Lewis Hamilton (Mercedes): 59Brendon Hartley (Toro Rosso): 79Nico Hulkenberg (Renault): 88Robert Kubica (Williams): 8Daniil Kvyat (Toro Rosso): 36Nicholas Latifi (Williams): 54Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 18Kevin Magnussen (Haas F1 Team): 75Nikita Mazepin (Haas F1 Team): 4Mick Schumacher (Haas F1 Team): 16Lando Norris (McLaren): 81Esteban Ocon (Alpine): 86Sergio Perez (Racing Point): 60Kimi Räikkönen (Alfa Romeo Racing): 46Daniel Ricciardo (Renault): 87George Russell (Williams): 64Carlos Sainz (McLaren): 74Sergey Sirotkin (Williams): 9Lance Stroll (Racing Point): 26Yuki Tsunoda (AlphaTauri): 98Stoffel Vandoorne (McLaren): 91Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 38Sebastian Vettel (Ferrari): 20Valtteri Bottas: 10

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

Loses 0.053 s per lap of tyre age after fuel correction, 0.013 s/lap more than the race median.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

2018201920202021
2018 Sakhir: +0.592018 Shanghai: -1.152018 Baku: -0.132018 Barcelona: +0.092018 Monte Carlo: -1.262018 Montréal: -1.022018 Le Castellet: +1.142018 Spielberg: -0.052018 Silverstone: -0.542018 Hockenheim: -0.912018 Budapest: -1.232018 Spa-Francorchamps: +1.362018 Monza: -1.242018 Singapore: -0.712018 Sochi: +0.712018 Suzuka: +0.222018 Austin: +0.242018 Mexico City: -0.642018 São Paulo: +0.632018 Yas Marina: -2.352019 Melbourne: -0.202019 Sakhir: +0.752019 Shanghai: +0.332019 Baku: -0.372019 Barcelona: -0.472019 Monte Carlo: +0.672019 Montréal: +1.102019 Le Castellet: -1.152019 Spielberg: -0.812019 Silverstone: -0.162019 Hockenheim: no usable session2019 Budapest: -1.002019 Spa-Francorchamps: -0.312019 Monza: +0.022019 Singapore: +0.722019 Sochi: -0.362019 Suzuka: -0.072019 Mexico City: +0.012019 Austin: -0.302019 São Paulo: -0.112019 Yas Island: +0.032020 Spielberg: -0.922020 Spielberg: -0.612020 Budapest: -0.332020 Silverstone: -1.122020 Silverstone: -1.352020 Barcelona: +0.372020 Spa-Francorchamps: -0.672020 Monza: no usable session2020 Mugello: -0.632020 Sochi: -0.122020 Nürburgring: 0.002020 Portimão: -0.632020 Imola: -0.882020 Sakhir: -0.572020 Sakhir: +0.082020 Yas Island: -0.762021 Sakhir: +0.502021 Imola: no usable session2021 Portimão: +0.312021 Barcelona: +0.792021 Monte Carlo: -0.722021 Baku: -0.982021 Le Castellet: -0.782021 Spielberg: -0.162021 Spielberg: -0.352021 Silverstone: -0.182021 Budapest: no usable session2021 Zandvoort: -0.382021 Monza: no usable session2021 Sochi: no usable session2021 Istanbul: no usable session2021 Austin: +1.522021 Mexico City: -3.002021 São Paulo: -0.332021 Lusail: -1.582021 Jeddah: +0.672021 Yas Island: +1.44

71 SESSIONS · 137 STINTS · MINIMUM 5 RACES AND 8 STINTS

THROTTLE APPLICATION

QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER

Distance from the slowest point of the corner to full throttle, and the number of throttle lifts in between.

75/ 100
RANK 6 OF 30 · LATE HYBRID FIELD
90% RANGE 62–83

Higher means: Reaches full throttle sooner after the apex, with fewer lifts.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Red Bull Racing): 39Fernando Alonso (Alpine): 76Marcus Ericsson (Sauber): 61Pierre Gasly (AlphaTauri): 87Antonio Giovinazzi (Alfa Romeo Racing): 22Romain Grosjean (Haas F1 Team): 66Lewis Hamilton (Mercedes): 60Brendon Hartley (Toro Rosso): 73Nico Hulkenberg (Renault): 56Robert Kubica (Williams): 2Daniil Kvyat (Toro Rosso): 97Nicholas Latifi (Williams): 18Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 30Kevin Magnussen (Haas F1 Team): 27Nikita Mazepin (Haas F1 Team): 1Mick Schumacher (Haas F1 Team): 4Lando Norris (McLaren): 45Esteban Ocon (Alpine): 9Sergio Perez (Racing Point): 64Kimi Räikkönen (Alfa Romeo Racing): 36Daniel Ricciardo (Renault): 67George Russell (Williams): 35Carlos Sainz (McLaren): 62Sergey Sirotkin (Williams): 13Lance Stroll (Racing Point): 57Yuki Tsunoda (AlphaTauri): 91Stoffel Vandoorne (McLaren): 70Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 94Sebastian Vettel (Ferrari): 54Valtteri Bottas: 75

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

Reaches full throttle 0.5 m closer to the apex than the field median.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

2018201920202021
2018 Sakhir: +0.022018 Shanghai: +0.172018 Baku: +0.432018 Barcelona: +0.212018 Monte Carlo: +0.452018 Montréal: +0.412018 Le Castellet: +0.162018 Spielberg: -0.082018 Silverstone: +0.192018 Hockenheim: +0.282018 Budapest: +0.142018 Spa-Francorchamps: +0.352018 Monza: +0.332018 Singapore: -0.052018 Sochi: +0.082018 Suzuka: +0.062018 Austin: +0.422018 Mexico City: +0.222018 São Paulo: +0.312018 Yas Marina: +0.302019 Melbourne: +0.192019 Sakhir: +0.412019 Shanghai: +0.422019 Baku: +0.772019 Barcelona: +0.152019 Monte Carlo: +0.202019 Montréal: +0.452019 Le Castellet: +0.152019 Spielberg: 0.002019 Silverstone: -0.172019 Hockenheim: +0.252019 Budapest: -0.342019 Spa-Francorchamps: +0.312019 Monza: 0.002019 Singapore: +0.132019 Sochi: -0.352019 Suzuka: -0.032019 Mexico City: +0.042019 Austin: -0.062019 São Paulo: -0.102019 Yas Island: +0.162020 Spielberg: 0.002020 Spielberg: no usable session2020 Budapest: -0.392020 Silverstone: -0.192020 Silverstone: -0.372020 Barcelona: +0.192020 Spa-Francorchamps: +0.042020 Monza: +0.032020 Mugello: -0.112020 Sochi: -0.202020 Nürburgring: -0.202020 Portimão: +0.232020 Imola: +0.052020 Sakhir: +0.312020 Sakhir: +0.112020 Yas Island: +0.172021 Sakhir: -0.152021 Imola: +0.112021 Portimão: +0.122021 Barcelona: +0.102021 Monte Carlo: -0.362021 Baku: +0.212021 Le Castellet: +0.462021 Spielberg: +0.012021 Spielberg: -0.062021 Silverstone: -0.282021 Budapest: -0.482021 Zandvoort: -0.192021 Monza: +0.312021 Sochi: no usable session2021 Istanbul: +0.212021 Austin: +0.492021 Mexico City: +0.082021 São Paulo: +0.362021 Lusail: -0.342021 Jeddah: -0.052021 Yas Island: +0.09

76 SESSIONS · 1465 LAP-CORNERS · MINIMUM 5 QUALIFYING SESSIONS AND 150 LAP-CORNERS

BRAKING

QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER

Where the driver starts braking for each corner, and how long the braking zone lasts.

86/ 100
RANK 6 OF 30 · LATE HYBRID FIELD
90% RANGE 83–91

Higher means: Brakes later and over a shorter distance than the field.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Red Bull Racing): 38Fernando Alonso (Alpine): 60Marcus Ericsson (Sauber): 55Pierre Gasly (AlphaTauri): 90Antonio Giovinazzi (Alfa Romeo Racing): 29Romain Grosjean (Haas F1 Team): 61Lewis Hamilton (Mercedes): 97Brendon Hartley (Toro Rosso): 99Nico Hulkenberg (Renault): 46Robert Kubica (Williams): 14Daniil Kvyat (Toro Rosso): 70Nicholas Latifi (Williams): 15Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 59Kevin Magnussen (Haas F1 Team): 10Nikita Mazepin (Haas F1 Team): 1Mick Schumacher (Haas F1 Team): 2Lando Norris (McLaren): 88Esteban Ocon (Alpine): 24Sergio Perez (Racing Point): 31Kimi Räikkönen (Alfa Romeo Racing): 33Daniel Ricciardo (Renault): 73George Russell (Williams): 27Carlos Sainz (McLaren): 49Sergey Sirotkin (Williams): 30Lance Stroll (Racing Point): 9Yuki Tsunoda (AlphaTauri): 92Stoffel Vandoorne (McLaren): 66Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 78Sebastian Vettel (Ferrari): 43Valtteri Bottas: 86

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

Starts braking 2.6 m later than the field median.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

2018201920202021
2018 Sakhir: +1.282018 Shanghai: +1.082018 Baku: +1.142018 Barcelona: +0.462018 Monte Carlo: +0.682018 Montréal: +0.702018 Le Castellet: +0.412018 Spielberg: -0.132018 Silverstone: +0.022018 Hockenheim: -0.012018 Budapest: -0.442018 Spa-Francorchamps: -0.502018 Monza: +0.022018 Singapore: -0.022018 Sochi: +0.102018 Suzuka: +0.892018 Austin: +0.492018 Mexico City: +0.482018 São Paulo: -0.242018 Yas Marina: +0.612019 Melbourne: +0.622019 Sakhir: +0.622019 Shanghai: +0.242019 Baku: +1.052019 Barcelona: +0.702019 Monte Carlo: +0.422019 Montréal: +0.532019 Le Castellet: -0.252019 Spielberg: +0.222019 Silverstone: +0.712019 Hockenheim: -0.162019 Budapest: +0.432019 Spa-Francorchamps: +0.522019 Monza: +0.742019 Singapore: +0.182019 Sochi: +0.462019 Suzuka: +0.142019 Mexico City: +0.922019 Austin: -0.032019 São Paulo: 0.002019 Yas Island: +0.172020 Spielberg: +0.432020 Spielberg: no usable session2020 Budapest: +0.222020 Silverstone: +0.292020 Silverstone: +0.432020 Barcelona: +0.272020 Spa-Francorchamps: +0.072020 Monza: +0.392020 Mugello: +0.292020 Sochi: -0.312020 Nürburgring: +0.152020 Portimão: +0.072020 Imola: -0.282020 Sakhir: +0.092020 Sakhir: -0.212020 Yas Island: +0.232021 Sakhir: +0.042021 Imola: +0.612021 Portimão: +0.172021 Barcelona: +0.432021 Monte Carlo: +0.122021 Baku: -0.252021 Le Castellet: +0.262021 Spielberg: +0.192021 Spielberg: +0.722021 Silverstone: +0.152021 Budapest: +0.362021 Zandvoort: +0.202021 Monza: +0.742021 Sochi: no usable session2021 Istanbul: +0.142021 Austin: +0.312021 Mexico City: +0.132021 São Paulo: +0.202021 Lusail: +0.442021 Jeddah: -0.312021 Yas Island: -0.03

76 SESSIONS · 1292 LAP-CORNERS · MINIMUM 5 QUALIFYING SESSIONS AND 150 LAP-CORNERS

CONSISTENCY

CLEAN RACE LAPS · PER STINT

How much clean lap times vary within a stint once the tyre-wear trend is removed.

44/ 100
RANK 19 OF 30 · LATE HYBRID FIELD
90% RANGE 29–72

Higher means: Smaller lap-to-lap variation than the field in the same race.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Red Bull Racing): 40Fernando Alonso (Alpine): 45Marcus Ericsson (Sauber): 22Pierre Gasly (AlphaTauri): 67Antonio Giovinazzi (Alfa Romeo Racing): 51Romain Grosjean (Haas F1 Team): 34Lewis Hamilton (Mercedes): 57Brendon Hartley (Toro Rosso): 30Nico Hulkenberg (Renault): 49Robert Kubica (Williams): 4Daniil Kvyat (Toro Rosso): 66Nicholas Latifi (Williams): 14Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 64Kevin Magnussen (Haas F1 Team): 32Nikita Mazepin (Haas F1 Team): 1Mick Schumacher (Haas F1 Team): 3Lando Norris (McLaren): 87Esteban Ocon (Alpine): 85Sergio Perez (Racing Point): 60Kimi Räikkönen (Alfa Romeo Racing): 48Daniel Ricciardo (Renault): 73George Russell (Williams): 17Carlos Sainz (McLaren): 86Sergey Sirotkin (Williams): 7Lance Stroll (Racing Point): 63Yuki Tsunoda (AlphaTauri): 58Stoffel Vandoorne (McLaren): 80Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 95Sebastian Vettel (Ferrari): 84Valtteri Bottas: 44

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

Lap times scatter 0.358 s around the stint trend, 0.034 s looser than the field median.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

2018201920202021
2018 Sakhir: -0.392018 Shanghai: -0.292018 Baku: +0.902018 Barcelona: -0.162018 Monte Carlo: +0.192018 Montréal: -0.092018 Le Castellet: -0.022018 Spielberg: +0.132018 Silverstone: -0.572018 Hockenheim: -0.692018 Budapest: -2.322018 Spa-Francorchamps: -1.382018 Monza: -0.042018 Singapore: +0.732018 Sochi: +0.022018 Suzuka: -1.112018 Austin: -1.472018 Mexico City: +0.512018 São Paulo: +0.452018 Yas Marina: -0.752019 Melbourne: +0.202019 Sakhir: -0.762019 Shanghai: +0.162019 Baku: +0.482019 Barcelona: -1.542019 Monte Carlo: -0.472019 Montréal: +0.302019 Le Castellet: +0.272019 Spielberg: +0.182019 Silverstone: +0.262019 Hockenheim: no usable session2019 Budapest: -0.152019 Spa-Francorchamps: -0.222019 Monza: -0.152019 Singapore: -0.812019 Sochi: -0.482019 Suzuka: +0.242019 Mexico City: +0.282019 Austin: -0.252019 São Paulo: -0.202019 Yas Island: -0.962020 Spielberg: -1.042020 Spielberg: -0.232020 Budapest: -1.182020 Silverstone: -1.112020 Silverstone: -1.512020 Barcelona: +0.192020 Spa-Francorchamps: -1.092020 Monza: no usable session2020 Mugello: -0.992020 Sochi: -0.352020 Nürburgring: +1.802020 Portimão: -0.962020 Imola: +0.452020 Sakhir: -0.202020 Sakhir: -0.042020 Yas Island: -0.412021 Sakhir: +0.342021 Imola: no usable session2021 Portimão: +0.802021 Barcelona: -0.962021 Monte Carlo: +0.992021 Baku: -0.382021 Le Castellet: -0.772021 Spielberg: -1.052021 Spielberg: +0.202021 Silverstone: -1.102021 Budapest: no usable session2021 Zandvoort: +0.332021 Monza: +0.442021 Sochi: no usable session2021 Istanbul: no usable session2021 Austin: -0.252021 Mexico City: -0.672021 São Paulo: -0.082021 Lusail: -0.352021 Jeddah: -0.512021 Yas Island: -1.49

72 SESSIONS · 148 STINTS · MINIMUM 5 RACES AND 8 STINTS

STEERING SMOOTHNESS

NEEDS ONBOARD VIDEO

How smoothly the driver steers through each corner.

PENDING

Not measured yet. No public feed carries steering angle; it will come from onboard video.

TEAMMATES

Same car, same sessions. Each cell is the average difference over the sessions they shared, in field-spread units: +0.30 means 0.3 of a typical field spread better on that axis. Qualifying H2H is the share of shared qualifying sessions where Bottas's best lap was faster.

TEAMMATESHAREDQUALI H2HENTRYTYRE MGMTTHROTTLEBRAKINGCONSISTENCY
Lewis Hamilton149
75 Q · 74 R
33%+0.05-0.26+0.07-0.20-0.03
George Russell2
1 Q · 1 R
100%-0.50+0.11-0.28-0.41-0.27

SESSION LOG

Every weekend in this era. Values are the difference from that session's field in field-spread units, green better and red worse. A dash means the session was skipped (wet, or no data) or the driver had no usable laps.

WEEKENDCIRCUITTEAMQ LAPSBRAKINGENTRYTHROTTLERACE LAPSCONSISTENCYTYRE MGMT
2018 R02SakhirMercedes3+1.28+0.99+0.0240-0.39+0.59
2018 R03ShanghaiMercedes3+1.08+0.58+0.1744-0.29-1.15
2018 R04BakuMercedes1+1.14+0.92+0.4328+0.90-0.13
2018 R05BarcelonaMercedes2+0.46+1.35+0.2145-0.16+0.09
2018 R06Monte CarloMercedes3+0.68+0.75+0.4531+0.19-1.26
2018 R07MontréalMercedes3+0.70+0.85+0.4163-0.09-1.02
2018 R08Le CastelletMercedes2+0.41+0.82+0.1617-0.02+1.14
2018 R09SpielbergMercedes3-0.13+1.09-0.088+0.13-0.05
2018 R10SilverstoneMercedes3+0.02+1.14+0.1931-0.57-0.54
2018 R11HockenheimMercedes2-0.01+0.92+0.2850-0.69-0.91
2018 R12BudapestMercedes1-0.44+0.58+0.1462-2.32-1.23
2018 R13Spa-FrancorchampsMercedes1-0.50+1.43+0.3524-1.38+1.36
2018 R14MonzaMercedes3+0.02+0.99+0.339-0.04-1.24
2018 R15SingaporeMercedes3-0.02+1.09-0.0550+0.73-0.71
2018 R16SochiMercedes2+0.10+1.53+0.0847+0.02+0.71
2018 R17SuzukaMercedes2+0.89+0.96+0.0642-1.11+0.22
2018 R18AustinMercedes2+0.49+0.61+0.4246-1.47+0.24
2018 R19Mexico CityMercedes3+0.48+0.81+0.2256+0.51-0.64
2018 R20São PauloMercedes3-0.24+1.05+0.3157+0.45+0.63
2018 R21Yas MarinaMercedes2+0.61+1.46+0.3042-0.75-2.35
2019 R01MelbourneMercedes3+0.62+1.59+0.1954+0.20-0.20
2019 R02SakhirMercedes3+0.62+1.04+0.4141-0.76+0.75
2019 R03ShanghaiMercedes3+0.24+1.29+0.4248+0.16+0.33
2019 R04BakuMercedes2+1.05+0.93+0.7740+0.48-0.37
2019 R05BarcelonaMercedes3+0.70+1.28+0.1554-1.54-0.47
2019 R06Monte CarloMercedes3+0.42+1.23+0.2027-0.47+0.67
2019 R07MontréalMercedes3+0.53+0.78+0.4543+0.30+1.10
2019 R08Le CastelletMercedes3-0.25+0.83+0.1545+0.27-1.15
2019 R09SpielbergMercedes3+0.22+1.230.0068+0.18-0.81
2019 R10SilverstoneMercedes3+0.71+1.46-0.1738+0.26-0.16
2019 R11HockenheimMercedes3-0.16+0.91+0.250——
2019 R12BudapestMercedes2+0.43+1.81-0.3421-0.15-1.00
2019 R13Spa-FrancorchampsMercedes3+0.52+1.12+0.3134-0.22-0.31
2019 R14MonzaMercedes2+0.74+1.670.0026-0.15+0.02
2019 R15SingaporeMercedes3+0.18+1.14+0.1313-0.81+0.72
2019 R16SochiMercedes3+0.46+0.77-0.3540-0.48-0.36
2019 R17SuzukaMercedes3+0.14+0.77-0.0346+0.24-0.07
2019 R18Mexico CityMercedes2+0.92+1.28+0.0447+0.28+0.01
2019 R19AustinMercedes2-0.03+0.69-0.0643-0.25-0.30
2019 R20São PauloMercedes30.00+1.13-0.1033-0.20-0.11
2019 R21Yas IslandMercedes3+0.17+1.09+0.1633-0.96+0.03
2020 R01SpielbergMercedes3+0.43+0.810.0050-1.04-0.92
2020 R02SpielbergMercedes————61-0.23-0.61
2020 R03BudapestMercedes2+0.22+1.21-0.3937-1.18-0.33
2020 R04SilverstoneMercedes3+0.29+0.95-0.1923-1.11-1.12
2020 R05SilverstoneMercedes3+0.43+0.76-0.3746-1.51-1.35
2020 R06BarcelonaMercedes3+0.27+1.46+0.1952+0.19+0.37
2020 R07Spa-FrancorchampsMercedes3+0.07+0.74+0.0433-1.09-0.67
2020 R08MonzaMercedes3+0.39+0.82+0.030——
2020 R09MugelloMercedes3+0.29+0.67-0.1135-0.99-0.63
2020 R10SochiMercedes3-0.31-0.08-0.2044-0.35-0.12
2020 R11NürburgringMercedes3+0.15+0.37-0.2011+1.800.00
2020 R12PortimãoMercedes3+0.07+0.67+0.2358-0.96-0.63
2020 R13ImolaMercedes3-0.28+0.60+0.0545+0.45-0.88
2020 R15SakhirMercedes3+0.09+0.65+0.3118-0.20-0.57
2020 R16SakhirMercedes3-0.21+0.06+0.1147-0.04+0.08
2020 R17Yas IslandMercedes3+0.23+0.79+0.1749-0.41-0.76
2021 R01SakhirMercedes3+0.04+0.48-0.1542+0.34+0.50
2021 R02ImolaMercedes3+0.61+0.77+0.11———
2021 R03PortimãoMercedes3+0.17+0.89+0.1247+0.80+0.31
2021 R04BarcelonaMercedes3+0.43+0.78+0.1038-0.96+0.79
2021 R05Monte CarloMercedes3+0.12+0.66-0.3620+0.99-0.72
2021 R06BakuMercedes3-0.25+0.19+0.2114-0.38-0.98
2021 R07Le CastelletMercedes3+0.26+0.43+0.4626-0.77-0.78
2021 R08SpielbergMercedes3+0.19+1.15+0.0162-1.05-0.16
2021 R09SpielbergMercedes3+0.72+0.84-0.0652+0.20-0.35
2021 R10SilverstoneMercedes3+0.15+0.96-0.2834-1.10-0.18
2021 R11BudapestMercedes2+0.36+1.06-0.48———
2021 R13ZandvoortMercedes3+0.20+0.33-0.1960+0.33-0.38
2021 R14MonzaMercedes2+0.74+0.70+0.316+0.44—
2021 R15SochiMercedes————0——
2021 R16IstanbulMercedes3+0.14+0.34+0.21———
2021 R17AustinMercedes3+0.31+0.21+0.4930-0.25+1.52
2021 R18Mexico CityMercedes2+0.13+0.95+0.0810-0.67-3.00
2021 R19São PauloMercedes3+0.20+0.84+0.3644-0.08-0.33
2021 R20LusailMercedes3+0.44+0.72-0.3422-0.35-1.58
2021 R21JeddahMercedes3-0.31+0.08-0.058-0.51+0.67
2021 R22Yas IslandMercedes3-0.03+0.57+0.0912-1.49+1.44

HOW THIS IS CALCULATED

The definitions behind every number on this page. The full specification lives with the pipeline code (backend/pipeline/signature/SPEC.md).

REGULATION ERAS

An era is a period under one set of technical rules. When the rules change, every car brakes, turns and wears its tyres differently, so a driver's style relative to the field can shift too. Signatures are therefore computed separately for each era, and the driver page shows the most recent era with at least one scored axis. These eras are defined by the car rules, separate from the storytelling eras elsewhere on the site.

ERAWHAT DEFINES ITDATA IN THIS DATASET
LATE HYBRID
2018–2021
THIS PAGE
1.6-litre V6 turbo hybrid power units, used since 2014, in the wider, higher-downforce cars on wider tyres introduced in 2017.
The era starts in 2018, the first season of the official timing archive, although its car rules date from 2017.
2018–2021
30 drivers scored
GROUND EFFECT
2022–2025
Most downforce comes from two Venturi tunnels under the floor, with simplified wings and 18-inch low-profile tyres, so that cars can follow each other more closely.
2022–2025
31 drivers scored
ACTIVE AERO
2026 onwards
Front and rear wings switch between a corner mode and a low-drag straight mode, replacing DRS. Cars are shorter, narrower and lighter (768 kg), the floor tunnels are gone, and power is split roughly half and half between combustion and electric, with the MGU-H removed and fully sustainable fuel.
Energy recovery is a bigger part of each lap: drivers lift off before braking to recharge and cars harvest at full throttle at the end of straights. Throttle and braking traces reflect energy management as well as driving style.
2026
22 drivers scored

THE FIELD

Every measurement is a difference from the other cars in the same session. Comparing within a session cancels out the track, the weather, the tyre generation and the overall speed of that year's cars, which is what makes different weekends comparable. For each corner, or each race, the driver's value has the field median subtracted and is divided by the field's spread (a robust z-score, capped at ±3). A value of +1 means one typical field spread better than the median driver.

FROM LAPS TO A SCORE

  1. Pick the laps. Qualifying: up to 3 push laps per driver, within 1% of their own best and 107% of the fastest lap, on dry tyres, not deleted for track limits and not run under red or yellow flags. Race: clean laps only, meaning not lap 1, no pit laps, no safety car, virtual safety car, red or yellow flag, dry tyres, at least 1.5 s behind the car ahead, and within 107% of the driver's stint median.
  2. Measure.Corners are the slowest points of the session's fastest lap (dips of at least 25km/h). Every lap is mapped onto that lap's line, so all drivers' brake points and apexes share one distance scale. Full throttle means 98% pedal or more, and a lift is a drop of 10points. In the race, each stint's lap times are corrected for fuel (0.055 s per lap of fuel still on board) and fitted against tyre age: the slope is degradation (at least 8 clean laps), and the scatter around the line is consistency (at least 6).
  3. Compare with the field. Each corner needs at least 8 field laps; tyre degradation is compared on the same compound when at least 4 stints used it.
  4. Combine over the era. A weighted average of the session values. An axis is only scored with at least 5 qualifying sessions and 150 lap-corners, or 5 races and 8 stints; otherwise it stays empty rather than guessed.
  5. Rank.The 0–100 score is the driver-era's percentile among every driver-era in the dataset, so 50 is typical.
  6. Confidence.The driver's sessions are resampled 400 times and re-ranked. The 90% range runs from the 5th to the 95th percentile of those ranks, and confidence is 1 minus the average width of the ranges.

COMPARISON GROUPS

ERA AVG

The average of every driver scored in the same regulation era. It sits close to 50 on every axis: a typical driver.

ALL-TIME

The average of every driver-era in the dataset. Scores are ranks among those same driver-eras, so it sits at 50 on every axis by construction.

CHAMPIONS

World champions in the eras they won their titles, from the final standings of completed seasons. In the dataset: Lewis Hamilton (2018, 2019, 2020), Max Verstappen (2021, 2022, 2023, 2024), Lando Norris (2025).

TEAMMATES

The driver's teammates in this era, weighted by sessions shared. Same car, so this is the fairest comparison.

AXES

AXISMEASURESHIGHER MEANSDATA
STEERING SMOOTHNESSHow smoothly the driver steers through each corner.Not measured yet. No public feed carries steering angle; it will come from onboard video.NEEDS ONBOARD VIDEO
ENTRY AGGRESSIONSpeed as the driver comes off the brake, and the minimum speed through the corner.Carries more speed off the brake and through the slowest point.QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER
TYRE MANAGEMENTHow fast lap times drop off as the tyres age, corrected for fuel load.Loses less time per lap of tyre age than the field on the same compound.CLEAN RACE LAPS · PER STINT
THROTTLE APPLICATIONDistance from the slowest point of the corner to full throttle, and the number of throttle lifts in between.Reaches full throttle sooner after the apex, with fewer lifts.QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER
BRAKINGWhere the driver starts braking for each corner, and how long the braking zone lasts.Brakes later and over a shorter distance than the field.QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER
CONSISTENCYHow much clean lap times vary within a stint once the tyre-wear trend is removed.Smaller lap-to-lap variation than the field in the same race.CLEAN RACE LAPS · PER STINT

DATA AND COVERAGE

Source: Official F1 live-timing feed, read through TracingInsights' public FastF1 extraction (2018–2022) and the OpenF1 historical API (2023–2026). The feed gives car data (speed, throttle, brake on/off, gear) about 3.7 times a second, car positions, laps, tyre stints, gaps and race-control messages. It does not carry steering angle or brake pressure. 180 qualifying sessions and 186 races are scored.

SEASONWEEKENDSQUALIFYINGRACESNOT SCORED
20182120/2120/21
Australian qualifying: no race-control messages in the source, so flags cannot be applied
Australian race: no race-control messages in the source, so flags cannot be applied
20192121/2121/21—
20201715/1717/17
Styrian qualifying: wet
Turkish qualifying: wet
20212220/2222/22
Belgian qualifying: wet
Russian qualifying: mixed conditions, 6 drivers on dry tyres
20222220/2222/22
Canadian qualifying: wet
British qualifying: wet
20232221/2222/22
Dutch qualifying: mixed conditions, 9 drivers on dry tyres
20242422/2424/24
Belgian qualifying: wet
São Paulo qualifying: wet
20252422/2424/24
Azerbaijan qualifying: no lap data in the public feed
Las Vegas qualifying: wet
202619 (+4 still to run)19/1919/19—

KNOWN LIMITATIONS

  • The field includes faster and slower cars, so a driver in a quick car scores higher on car-sensitive measures such as minimum corner speed. The teammate comparison is where the car is held constant.
  • The braking point is not adjusted for approach speed: a driver who exits the previous corner faster arrives quicker and has to brake earlier. Braking describes style more than pace.
  • Tyre management cannot tell tyre wear apart from a driver deliberately controlling pace, so its ranges are wide.
  • From 2026, throttle and braking traces also reflect energy recovery (lifting before braking, harvesting at full throttle), not only driving style.
  • Steering smoothness needs steering angle, which no public feed carries. It is never estimated and will come from onboard video, along with seasons before 2018.

PIPELINE TIMING-0.1.0 · GENERATED 2026-11-02 · OFFICIAL F1 LIVE-TIMING FEED, READ THROUGH TRACINGINSIGHTS' PUBLIC FASTF1 EXTRACTION (2018–2022) AND THE OPENF1 HISTORICAL API (2023–2026)