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DRIVING SIGNATURE · FULL METRICS

Lewis Hamilton

Late hybrid era (2018–2021) · data from 2018–2021 · Mercedes

LATE HYBRID · 2018–2021GROUND EFFECT · 2022–2025ACTIVE AERO · 2026

LAPS USED

3,159

QUALIFYING

75

RACES

76

AXES SCORED

5/6

CONFIDENCE

0.76

How this is calculated — the era, the field, the comparison groups and every threshold.

OVERVIEW

Each axis is a 0–100 rank among every driver-era in the dataset, built from differences to the same-session field. The 90% range is where nine in ten resampled scores land. Rank is within the late hybrid field.

STEERINGSMOOTHNESSPENDINGENTRY AGGRESSIONTYRE MANAGEMENTTHROTTLE APPLICATIONBRAKINGCONSISTENCY

DASHED: ERA AVG — The average of every driver scored in the same regulation era. It sits close to 50 on every axis: a typical driver.

AXISSCORE90% RANGERANKERA AVGALL-TIMECHAMPIONSTEAMMATES
STEERINGPENDING——————
ENTRY9898–1002/3047509299
TYRE MGMT5930–8315/3053505110
THROTTLE6048–6814/3050507675
BRAKING9794–982/3049507886
CONSISTENCY5734–7614/3049508144

AXIS BY AXIS

What each axis measures, where the driver sits among this era's drivers, the raw differences behind the score, and how it moved from weekend to weekend.

ENTRY AGGRESSION

QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER

Speed as the driver comes off the brake, and the minimum speed through the corner.

98/ 100
RANK 2 OF 30 · LATE HYBRID FIELD
90% RANGE 98–100

Higher means: Carries more speed off the brake and through the slowest point.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Red Bull Racing): 77Fernando Alonso (Alpine): 40Valtteri Bottas (Mercedes): 99Marcus Ericsson (Sauber): 65Pierre Gasly (AlphaTauri): 81Antonio Giovinazzi (Alfa Romeo Racing): 33Romain Grosjean (Haas F1 Team): 25Brendon Hartley (Toro Rosso): 46Nico Hulkenberg (Renault): 73Robert Kubica (Williams): 1Daniil Kvyat (Toro Rosso): 44Nicholas Latifi (Williams): 6Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 59Kevin Magnussen (Haas F1 Team): 27Nikita Mazepin (Haas F1 Team): 2Mick Schumacher (Haas F1 Team): 13Lando Norris (McLaren): 67Esteban Ocon (Alpine): 49Sergio Perez (Racing Point): 45Kimi Räikkönen (Alfa Romeo Racing): 24Daniel Ricciardo (Renault): 90George Russell (Williams): 22Carlos Sainz (McLaren): 52Sergey Sirotkin (Williams): 4Lance Stroll (Racing Point): 17Yuki Tsunoda (AlphaTauri): 61Stoffel Vandoorne (McLaren): 15Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 93Sebastian Vettel (Ferrari): 66Lewis Hamilton: 98

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

5.7 km/h more speed as the brake comes off.

4.3 km/h higher minimum corner speed.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

2018201920202021
2018 Sakhir: +1.202018 Shanghai: +0.272018 Baku: +0.342018 Barcelona: +0.892018 Monte Carlo: +0.712018 Montréal: +0.612018 Le Castellet: +0.972018 Spielberg: +0.672018 Silverstone: +0.762018 Hockenheim: -0.382018 Budapest: +0.132018 Spa-Francorchamps: +1.222018 Monza: +0.992018 Singapore: +1.122018 Sochi: +1.172018 Suzuka: +0.742018 Austin: +0.532018 Mexico City: +0.982018 São Paulo: +0.772018 Yas Marina: +0.932019 Melbourne: +1.452019 Sakhir: +1.192019 Shanghai: +1.022019 Baku: +1.072019 Barcelona: +1.092019 Monte Carlo: +1.032019 Montréal: +0.882019 Le Castellet: +1.192019 Spielberg: +1.052019 Silverstone: +1.272019 Hockenheim: +1.582019 Budapest: +1.292019 Spa-Francorchamps: +1.252019 Monza: +1.562019 Singapore: +1.232019 Sochi: +1.222019 Suzuka: +1.152019 Mexico City: +0.852019 Austin: +0.252019 São Paulo: +1.052019 Yas Island: +1.052020 Spielberg: +0.652020 Spielberg: no usable session2020 Budapest: +1.162020 Silverstone: +0.822020 Silverstone: +0.742020 Barcelona: +1.042020 Spa-Francorchamps: +1.442020 Monza: +1.232020 Mugello: +0.892020 Sochi: +1.022020 Nürburgring: +0.582020 Portimão: +0.272020 Imola: +0.692020 Sakhir: +1.262020 Yas Island: +0.532021 Sakhir: +0.552021 Imola: +0.792021 Portimão: +0.682021 Barcelona: +0.782021 Monte Carlo: +0.442021 Baku: -0.072021 Le Castellet: +0.582021 Spielberg: +0.902021 Spielberg: +0.812021 Silverstone: +0.712021 Budapest: +1.122021 Zandvoort: +1.012021 Monza: +1.022021 Sochi: no usable session2021 Istanbul: +0.222021 Austin: +0.282021 Mexico City: +0.702021 São Paulo: +0.682021 Lusail: +0.992021 Jeddah: +0.332021 Yas Island: +0.37

75 SESSIONS · 1439 LAP-CORNERS · MINIMUM 5 QUALIFYING SESSIONS AND 150 LAP-CORNERS

TYRE MANAGEMENT

CLEAN RACE LAPS · PER STINT

How fast lap times drop off as the tyres age, corrected for fuel load.

59/ 100
RANK 15 OF 30 · LATE HYBRID FIELD
90% RANGE 30–83

Higher means: Loses less time per lap of tyre age than the field on the same compound.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Red Bull Racing): 63Fernando Alonso (Alpine): 93Valtteri Bottas (Mercedes): 10Marcus Ericsson (Sauber): 84Pierre Gasly (AlphaTauri): 49Antonio Giovinazzi (Alfa Romeo Racing): 15Romain Grosjean (Haas F1 Team): 47Brendon Hartley (Toro Rosso): 79Nico Hulkenberg (Renault): 88Robert Kubica (Williams): 8Daniil Kvyat (Toro Rosso): 36Nicholas Latifi (Williams): 54Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 18Kevin Magnussen (Haas F1 Team): 75Nikita Mazepin (Haas F1 Team): 4Mick Schumacher (Haas F1 Team): 16Lando Norris (McLaren): 81Esteban Ocon (Alpine): 86Sergio Perez (Racing Point): 60Kimi Räikkönen (Alfa Romeo Racing): 46Daniel Ricciardo (Renault): 87George Russell (Williams): 64Carlos Sainz (McLaren): 74Sergey Sirotkin (Williams): 9Lance Stroll (Racing Point): 26Yuki Tsunoda (AlphaTauri): 98Stoffel Vandoorne (McLaren): 91Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 38Sebastian Vettel (Ferrari): 20Lewis Hamilton: 59

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

Loses 0.038 s per lap of tyre age after fuel correction, 0.001 s/lap less than the race median.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

2018201920202021
2018 Sakhir: +0.982018 Shanghai: -1.282018 Baku: +0.982018 Barcelona: -0.432018 Monte Carlo: -0.212018 Montréal: -0.622018 Le Castellet: +0.192018 Spielberg: +0.052018 Silverstone: -0.302018 Hockenheim: +0.462018 Budapest: +0.072018 Spa-Francorchamps: -0.272018 Monza: -2.632018 Singapore: +0.992018 Sochi: +0.412018 Suzuka: +0.862018 Austin: -1.102018 Mexico City: -0.302018 São Paulo: +0.682018 Yas Marina: 0.002019 Melbourne: +0.832019 Sakhir: -0.842019 Shanghai: +0.062019 Baku: -0.582019 Barcelona: +0.092019 Monte Carlo: +0.322019 Montréal: -0.772019 Le Castellet: -0.192019 Spielberg: +0.702019 Silverstone: -0.202019 Hockenheim: no usable session2019 Budapest: -0.402019 Spa-Francorchamps: -0.032019 Monza: no usable session2019 Singapore: +0.932019 Sochi: -0.432019 Suzuka: -0.052019 Mexico City: +0.402019 Austin: +0.292019 São Paulo: +0.922019 Yas Island: -0.572020 Spielberg: +0.012020 Spielberg: -0.412020 Budapest: -0.062020 Silverstone: -1.152020 Silverstone: +0.152020 Barcelona: +1.242020 Spa-Francorchamps: -0.202020 Monza: +0.442020 Mugello: +0.332020 Sochi: +0.182020 Nürburgring: +0.062020 Portimão: +0.132020 Imola: +0.252020 Sakhir: +0.282020 Yas Island: -0.462021 Sakhir: +0.092021 Imola: -0.472021 Portimão: +0.242021 Barcelona: -0.292021 Monte Carlo: +0.112021 Baku: +3.002021 Le Castellet: +0.212021 Spielberg: -0.562021 Spielberg: -1.762021 Silverstone: +0.142021 Budapest: -3.002021 Zandvoort: -0.442021 Monza: no usable session2021 Sochi: +0.882021 Istanbul: no usable session2021 Austin: +0.752021 Mexico City: -0.012021 São Paulo: -2.542021 Lusail: +0.582021 Jeddah: -0.292021 Yas Island: -0.06

73 SESSIONS · 140 STINTS · MINIMUM 5 RACES AND 8 STINTS

THROTTLE APPLICATION

QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER

Distance from the slowest point of the corner to full throttle, and the number of throttle lifts in between.

60/ 100
RANK 14 OF 30 · LATE HYBRID FIELD
90% RANGE 48–68

Higher means: Reaches full throttle sooner after the apex, with fewer lifts.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Red Bull Racing): 39Fernando Alonso (Alpine): 76Valtteri Bottas (Mercedes): 75Marcus Ericsson (Sauber): 61Pierre Gasly (AlphaTauri): 87Antonio Giovinazzi (Alfa Romeo Racing): 22Romain Grosjean (Haas F1 Team): 66Brendon Hartley (Toro Rosso): 73Nico Hulkenberg (Renault): 56Robert Kubica (Williams): 2Daniil Kvyat (Toro Rosso): 97Nicholas Latifi (Williams): 18Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 30Kevin Magnussen (Haas F1 Team): 27Nikita Mazepin (Haas F1 Team): 1Mick Schumacher (Haas F1 Team): 4Lando Norris (McLaren): 45Esteban Ocon (Alpine): 9Sergio Perez (Racing Point): 64Kimi Räikkönen (Alfa Romeo Racing): 36Daniel Ricciardo (Renault): 67George Russell (Williams): 35Carlos Sainz (McLaren): 62Sergey Sirotkin (Williams): 13Lance Stroll (Racing Point): 57Yuki Tsunoda (AlphaTauri): 91Stoffel Vandoorne (McLaren): 70Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 94Sebastian Vettel (Ferrari): 54Lewis Hamilton: 60

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

Reaches full throttle 1.3 m further from the apex than the field median.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

2018201920202021
2018 Sakhir: -0.112018 Shanghai: -0.182018 Baku: -0.172018 Barcelona: +0.022018 Monte Carlo: -0.042018 Montréal: -0.132018 Le Castellet: 0.002018 Spielberg: -0.042018 Silverstone: +0.112018 Hockenheim: +0.262018 Budapest: +0.072018 Spa-Francorchamps: 0.002018 Monza: -0.352018 Singapore: +0.012018 Sochi: +0.182018 Suzuka: -0.232018 Austin: -0.092018 Mexico City: +0.252018 São Paulo: -0.272018 Yas Marina: +0.042019 Melbourne: -0.162019 Sakhir: -0.052019 Shanghai: +0.282019 Baku: +0.212019 Barcelona: -0.092019 Monte Carlo: +0.242019 Montréal: +0.522019 Le Castellet: +0.212019 Spielberg: +0.042019 Silverstone: +0.312019 Hockenheim: +0.142019 Budapest: +0.022019 Spa-Francorchamps: +0.232019 Monza: +0.122019 Singapore: +0.032019 Sochi: +0.322019 Suzuka: +0.182019 Mexico City: -0.102019 Austin: +0.042019 São Paulo: -0.072019 Yas Island: +0.232020 Spielberg: +0.082020 Spielberg: no usable session2020 Budapest: +0.112020 Silverstone: -0.102020 Silverstone: -0.112020 Barcelona: +0.092020 Spa-Francorchamps: +0.452020 Monza: -0.352020 Mugello: +0.312020 Sochi: +0.162020 Nürburgring: +0.022020 Portimão: +0.192020 Imola: 0.002020 Sakhir: -0.052020 Yas Island: +0.052021 Sakhir: +0.072021 Imola: -0.172021 Portimão: +0.192021 Barcelona: +0.252021 Monte Carlo: -0.132021 Baku: -0.302021 Le Castellet: -0.112021 Spielberg: -0.062021 Spielberg: +0.032021 Silverstone: -0.062021 Budapest: +0.232021 Zandvoort: -0.182021 Monza: +0.152021 Sochi: no usable session2021 Istanbul: +0.332021 Austin: +0.132021 Mexico City: -0.062021 São Paulo: -0.212021 Lusail: -0.042021 Jeddah: -0.752021 Yas Island: -0.55

75 SESSIONS · 1355 LAP-CORNERS · MINIMUM 5 QUALIFYING SESSIONS AND 150 LAP-CORNERS

BRAKING

QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER

Where the driver starts braking for each corner, and how long the braking zone lasts.

97/ 100
RANK 2 OF 30 · LATE HYBRID FIELD
90% RANGE 94–98

Higher means: Brakes later and over a shorter distance than the field.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Red Bull Racing): 38Fernando Alonso (Alpine): 60Valtteri Bottas (Mercedes): 86Marcus Ericsson (Sauber): 55Pierre Gasly (AlphaTauri): 90Antonio Giovinazzi (Alfa Romeo Racing): 29Romain Grosjean (Haas F1 Team): 61Brendon Hartley (Toro Rosso): 99Nico Hulkenberg (Renault): 46Robert Kubica (Williams): 14Daniil Kvyat (Toro Rosso): 70Nicholas Latifi (Williams): 15Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 59Kevin Magnussen (Haas F1 Team): 10Nikita Mazepin (Haas F1 Team): 1Mick Schumacher (Haas F1 Team): 2Lando Norris (McLaren): 88Esteban Ocon (Alpine): 24Sergio Perez (Racing Point): 31Kimi Räikkönen (Alfa Romeo Racing): 33Daniel Ricciardo (Renault): 73George Russell (Williams): 27Carlos Sainz (McLaren): 49Sergey Sirotkin (Williams): 30Lance Stroll (Racing Point): 9Yuki Tsunoda (AlphaTauri): 92Stoffel Vandoorne (McLaren): 66Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 78Sebastian Vettel (Ferrari): 43Lewis Hamilton: 97

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

Starts braking 5.9 m later than the field median.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

2018201920202021
2018 Sakhir: +0.942018 Shanghai: -0.312018 Baku: +0.342018 Barcelona: -0.032018 Monte Carlo: +1.272018 Montréal: +1.482018 Le Castellet: +0.172018 Spielberg: +0.092018 Silverstone: +0.162018 Hockenheim: -0.452018 Budapest: +0.522018 Spa-Francorchamps: +0.902018 Monza: +0.362018 Singapore: -0.092018 Sochi: +0.312018 Suzuka: 0.002018 Austin: +0.262018 Mexico City: +0.422018 São Paulo: +0.032018 Yas Marina: +0.312019 Melbourne: +0.632019 Sakhir: +0.752019 Shanghai: +1.212019 Baku: +0.192019 Barcelona: +1.052019 Monte Carlo: +1.012019 Montréal: +0.282019 Le Castellet: +0.222019 Spielberg: +0.882019 Silverstone: +0.532019 Hockenheim: +0.772019 Budapest: +0.462019 Spa-Francorchamps: +0.532019 Monza: +0.292019 Singapore: +0.172019 Sochi: +0.262019 Suzuka: +0.532019 Mexico City: +0.292019 Austin: +0.642019 São Paulo: +0.052019 Yas Island: +0.542020 Spielberg: +0.592020 Spielberg: no usable session2020 Budapest: +0.762020 Silverstone: +0.502020 Silverstone: +0.652020 Barcelona: +1.022020 Spa-Francorchamps: +1.402020 Monza: +0.732020 Mugello: +0.732020 Sochi: +0.262020 Nürburgring: +0.342020 Portimão: +0.132020 Imola: +0.242020 Sakhir: +0.692020 Yas Island: +0.062021 Sakhir: +0.542021 Imola: +0.892021 Portimão: +0.562021 Barcelona: +0.362021 Monte Carlo: +0.202021 Baku: -0.102021 Le Castellet: +0.452021 Spielberg: +1.092021 Spielberg: +1.052021 Silverstone: +0.742021 Budapest: +1.042021 Zandvoort: +0.262021 Monza: +0.842021 Sochi: no usable session2021 Istanbul: +1.372021 Austin: -0.022021 Mexico City: +0.222021 São Paulo: +0.292021 Lusail: +0.342021 Jeddah: +0.232021 Yas Island: +0.42

75 SESSIONS · 1208 LAP-CORNERS · MINIMUM 5 QUALIFYING SESSIONS AND 150 LAP-CORNERS

CONSISTENCY

CLEAN RACE LAPS · PER STINT

How much clean lap times vary within a stint once the tyre-wear trend is removed.

57/ 100
RANK 14 OF 30 · LATE HYBRID FIELD
90% RANGE 34–76

Higher means: Smaller lap-to-lap variation than the field in the same race.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Red Bull Racing): 40Fernando Alonso (Alpine): 45Valtteri Bottas (Mercedes): 44Marcus Ericsson (Sauber): 22Pierre Gasly (AlphaTauri): 67Antonio Giovinazzi (Alfa Romeo Racing): 51Romain Grosjean (Haas F1 Team): 34Brendon Hartley (Toro Rosso): 30Nico Hulkenberg (Renault): 49Robert Kubica (Williams): 4Daniil Kvyat (Toro Rosso): 66Nicholas Latifi (Williams): 14Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 64Kevin Magnussen (Haas F1 Team): 32Nikita Mazepin (Haas F1 Team): 1Mick Schumacher (Haas F1 Team): 3Lando Norris (McLaren): 87Esteban Ocon (Alpine): 85Sergio Perez (Racing Point): 60Kimi Räikkönen (Alfa Romeo Racing): 48Daniel Ricciardo (Renault): 73George Russell (Williams): 17Carlos Sainz (McLaren): 86Sergey Sirotkin (Williams): 7Lance Stroll (Racing Point): 63Yuki Tsunoda (AlphaTauri): 58Stoffel Vandoorne (McLaren): 80Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 95Sebastian Vettel (Ferrari): 84Lewis Hamilton: 57

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

Lap times scatter 0.350 s around the stint trend, 0.023 s looser than the field median.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

2018201920202021
2018 Sakhir: +0.202018 Shanghai: -1.072018 Baku: -0.242018 Barcelona: +0.282018 Monte Carlo: -0.292018 Montréal: -0.642018 Le Castellet: +0.332018 Spielberg: +0.482018 Silverstone: -2.112018 Hockenheim: +0.102018 Budapest: -0.582018 Spa-Francorchamps: -0.632018 Monza: -1.392018 Singapore: +0.052018 Sochi: -0.132018 Suzuka: -1.332018 Austin: -1.222018 Mexico City: +0.262018 São Paulo: -0.562018 Yas Marina: +1.092019 Melbourne: -0.262019 Sakhir: -0.802019 Shanghai: +0.692019 Baku: -0.222019 Barcelona: -1.222019 Monte Carlo: +0.492019 Montréal: +1.172019 Le Castellet: +0.082019 Spielberg: +0.042019 Silverstone: -0.672019 Hockenheim: no usable session2019 Budapest: -1.022019 Spa-Francorchamps: +0.572019 Monza: +0.732019 Singapore: -0.392019 Sochi: -1.142019 Suzuka: +0.382019 Mexico City: +0.232019 Austin: -0.542019 São Paulo: +0.292019 Yas Island: -0.662020 Spielberg: -1.132020 Spielberg: -0.202020 Budapest: +0.622020 Silverstone: -3.002020 Silverstone: -1.832020 Barcelona: +0.102020 Spa-Francorchamps: -1.222020 Monza: -0.772020 Mugello: -0.692020 Sochi: -0.782020 Nürburgring: -0.122020 Portimão: -0.262020 Imola: -0.152020 Sakhir: +0.282020 Yas Island: -0.152021 Sakhir: +0.522021 Imola: -0.792021 Portimão: +0.122021 Barcelona: +0.202021 Monte Carlo: -0.022021 Baku: +0.662021 Le Castellet: -0.312021 Spielberg: +0.062021 Spielberg: -0.592021 Silverstone: -1.002021 Budapest: -0.402021 Zandvoort: +0.622021 Monza: no usable session2021 Sochi: +0.992021 Istanbul: no usable session2021 Austin: +0.082021 Mexico City: -0.872021 São Paulo: +0.702021 Lusail: -0.292021 Jeddah: -0.322021 Yas Island: -0.99

74 SESSIONS · 155 STINTS · MINIMUM 5 RACES AND 8 STINTS

STEERING SMOOTHNESS

NEEDS ONBOARD VIDEO

How smoothly the driver steers through each corner.

PENDING

Not measured yet. No public feed carries steering angle; it will come from onboard video.

TEAMMATES

Same car, same sessions. Each cell is the average difference over the sessions they shared, in field-spread units: +0.30 means 0.3 of a typical field spread better on that axis. Qualifying H2H is the share of shared qualifying sessions where Hamilton's best lap was faster.

TEAMMATESHAREDQUALI H2HENTRYTYRE MGMTTHROTTLEBRAKINGCONSISTENCY
Valtteri Bottas149
75 Q · 74 R
67%-0.05+0.26-0.07+0.20+0.03

SESSION LOG

Every weekend in this era. Values are the difference from that session's field in field-spread units, green better and red worse. A dash means the session was skipped (wet, or no data) or the driver had no usable laps.

WEEKENDCIRCUITTEAMQ LAPSBRAKINGENTRYTHROTTLERACE LAPSCONSISTENCYTYRE MGMT
2018 R02SakhirMercedes3+0.94+1.20-0.1143+0.20+0.98
2018 R03ShanghaiMercedes2-0.31+0.27-0.1828-1.07-1.28
2018 R04BakuMercedes1+0.34+0.34-0.1727-0.24+0.98
2018 R05BarcelonaMercedes2-0.03+0.89+0.0249+0.28-0.43
2018 R06Monte CarloMercedes3+1.27+0.71-0.0461-0.29-0.21
2018 R07MontréalMercedes2+1.48+0.61-0.1332-0.64-0.62
2018 R08Le CastelletMercedes3+0.17+0.970.0042+0.33+0.19
2018 R09SpielbergMercedes2+0.09+0.67-0.0417+0.48+0.05
2018 R10SilverstoneMercedes3+0.16+0.76+0.1122-2.11-0.30
2018 R11HockenheimMercedes1-0.45-0.38+0.2641+0.10+0.46
2018 R12BudapestMercedes1+0.52+0.13+0.0762-0.58+0.07
2018 R13Spa-FrancorchampsMercedes1+0.90+1.220.0038-0.63-0.27
2018 R14MonzaMercedes3+0.36+0.99-0.3518-1.39-2.63
2018 R15SingaporeMercedes1-0.09+1.12+0.0154+0.05+0.99
2018 R16SochiMercedes2+0.31+1.17+0.1831-0.13+0.41
2018 R17SuzukaMercedes20.00+0.74-0.2341-1.33+0.86
2018 R18AustinMercedes2+0.26+0.53-0.0935-1.22-1.10
2018 R19Mexico CityMercedes2+0.42+0.98+0.2555+0.26-0.30
2018 R20São PauloMercedes3+0.03+0.77-0.2763-0.56+0.68
2018 R21Yas MarinaMercedes3+0.31+0.93+0.0444+1.090.00
2019 R01MelbourneMercedes3+0.63+1.45-0.1651-0.26+0.83
2019 R02SakhirMercedes3+0.75+1.19-0.0529-0.80-0.84
2019 R03ShanghaiMercedes3+1.21+1.02+0.2850+0.69+0.06
2019 R04BakuMercedes2+0.19+1.07+0.2136-0.22-0.58
2019 R05BarcelonaMercedes3+1.05+1.09-0.0955-1.22+0.09
2019 R06Monte CarloMercedes3+1.01+1.03+0.2467+0.49+0.32
2019 R07MontréalMercedes2+0.28+0.88+0.5236+1.17-0.77
2019 R08Le CastelletMercedes2+0.22+1.19+0.2145+0.08-0.19
2019 R09SpielbergMercedes3+0.88+1.05+0.0466+0.04+0.70
2019 R10SilverstoneMercedes3+0.53+1.27+0.3126-0.67-0.20
2019 R11HockenheimMercedes3+0.77+1.58+0.140——
2019 R12BudapestMercedes2+0.46+1.29+0.0241-1.02-0.40
2019 R13Spa-FrancorchampsMercedes3+0.53+1.25+0.2324+0.57-0.03
2019 R14MonzaMercedes1+0.29+1.56+0.126+0.73—
2019 R15SingaporeMercedes3+0.17+1.23+0.0316-0.39+0.93
2019 R16SochiMercedes2+0.26+1.22+0.3243-1.14-0.43
2019 R17SuzukaMercedes3+0.53+1.15+0.1834+0.38-0.05
2019 R18Mexico CityMercedes3+0.29+0.85-0.1060+0.23+0.40
2019 R19AustinMercedes2+0.64+0.25+0.0441-0.54+0.29
2019 R20São PauloMercedes3+0.05+1.05-0.0747+0.29+0.92
2019 R21Yas IslandMercedes3+0.54+1.05+0.2352-0.66-0.57
2020 R01SpielbergMercedes3+0.59+0.65+0.0822-1.13+0.01
2020 R02SpielbergMercedes————65-0.20-0.41
2020 R03BudapestMercedes2+0.76+1.16+0.1156+0.62-0.06
2020 R04SilverstoneMercedes2+0.50+0.82-0.1031-3.00-1.15
2020 R05SilverstoneMercedes2+0.65+0.74-0.1131-1.83+0.15
2020 R06BarcelonaMercedes3+1.02+1.04+0.0959+0.10+1.24
2020 R07Spa-FrancorchampsMercedes3+1.40+1.44+0.4538-1.22-0.20
2020 R08MonzaMercedes3+0.73+1.23-0.3524-0.77+0.44
2020 R09MugelloMercedes3+0.73+0.89+0.3144-0.69+0.33
2020 R10SochiMercedes2+0.26+1.02+0.1642-0.78+0.18
2020 R11NürburgringMercedes3+0.34+0.58+0.0241-0.12+0.06
2020 R12PortimãoMercedes3+0.13+0.27+0.1955-0.26+0.13
2020 R13ImolaMercedes3+0.24+0.690.0037-0.15+0.25
2020 R15SakhirMercedes3+0.69+1.26-0.0539+0.28+0.28
2020 R17Yas IslandMercedes3+0.06+0.53+0.0549-0.15-0.46
2021 R01SakhirMercedes3+0.54+0.55+0.0745+0.52+0.09
2021 R02ImolaMercedes3+0.89+0.79-0.178-0.79-0.47
2021 R03PortimãoMercedes3+0.56+0.68+0.1944+0.12+0.24
2021 R04BarcelonaMercedes3+0.36+0.78+0.2531+0.20-0.29
2021 R05Monte CarloMercedes3+0.20+0.44-0.1355-0.02+0.11
2021 R06BakuMercedes3-0.10-0.07-0.3015+0.66+3.00
2021 R07Le CastelletMercedes3+0.45+0.58-0.1140-0.31+0.21
2021 R08SpielbergMercedes3+1.09+0.90-0.0664+0.06-0.56
2021 R09SpielbergMercedes3+1.05+0.81+0.0346-0.59-1.76
2021 R10SilverstoneMercedes3+0.74+0.71-0.0633-1.00+0.14
2021 R11BudapestMercedes1+1.04+1.12+0.2314-0.40-3.00
2021 R13ZandvoortMercedes2+0.26+1.01-0.1860+0.62-0.44
2021 R14MonzaMercedes3+0.84+1.02+0.150——
2021 R15SochiMercedes————13+0.99+0.88
2021 R16IstanbulMercedes3+1.37+0.22+0.33———
2021 R17AustinMercedes3-0.02+0.28+0.1346+0.08+0.75
2021 R18Mexico CityMercedes3+0.22+0.70-0.0664-0.87-0.01
2021 R19São PauloMercedes3+0.29+0.68-0.2120+0.70-2.54
2021 R20LusailMercedes2+0.34+0.99-0.0445-0.29+0.58
2021 R21JeddahMercedes3+0.23+0.33-0.7521-0.32-0.29
2021 R22Yas IslandMercedes3+0.42+0.37-0.5543-0.99-0.06

HOW THIS IS CALCULATED

The definitions behind every number on this page. The full specification lives with the pipeline code (backend/pipeline/signature/SPEC.md).

REGULATION ERAS

An era is a period under one set of technical rules. When the rules change, every car brakes, turns and wears its tyres differently, so a driver's style relative to the field can shift too. Signatures are therefore computed separately for each era, and the driver page shows the most recent era with at least one scored axis. These eras are defined by the car rules, separate from the storytelling eras elsewhere on the site.

ERAWHAT DEFINES ITDATA IN THIS DATASET
LATE HYBRID
2018–2021
THIS PAGE
1.6-litre V6 turbo hybrid power units, used since 2014, in the wider, higher-downforce cars on wider tyres introduced in 2017.
The era starts in 2018, the first season of the official timing archive, although its car rules date from 2017.
2018–2021
30 drivers scored
GROUND EFFECT
2022–2025
Most downforce comes from two Venturi tunnels under the floor, with simplified wings and 18-inch low-profile tyres, so that cars can follow each other more closely.
2022–2025
31 drivers scored
ACTIVE AERO
2026 onwards
Front and rear wings switch between a corner mode and a low-drag straight mode, replacing DRS. Cars are shorter, narrower and lighter (768 kg), the floor tunnels are gone, and power is split roughly half and half between combustion and electric, with the MGU-H removed and fully sustainable fuel.
Energy recovery is a bigger part of each lap: drivers lift off before braking to recharge and cars harvest at full throttle at the end of straights. Throttle and braking traces reflect energy management as well as driving style.
2026
22 drivers scored

THE FIELD

Every measurement is a difference from the other cars in the same session. Comparing within a session cancels out the track, the weather, the tyre generation and the overall speed of that year's cars, which is what makes different weekends comparable. For each corner, or each race, the driver's value has the field median subtracted and is divided by the field's spread (a robust z-score, capped at ±3). A value of +1 means one typical field spread better than the median driver.

FROM LAPS TO A SCORE

  1. Pick the laps. Qualifying: up to 3 push laps per driver, within 1% of their own best and 107% of the fastest lap, on dry tyres, not deleted for track limits and not run under red or yellow flags. Race: clean laps only, meaning not lap 1, no pit laps, no safety car, virtual safety car, red or yellow flag, dry tyres, at least 1.5 s behind the car ahead, and within 107% of the driver's stint median.
  2. Measure.Corners are the slowest points of the session's fastest lap (dips of at least 25km/h). Every lap is mapped onto that lap's line, so all drivers' brake points and apexes share one distance scale. Full throttle means 98% pedal or more, and a lift is a drop of 10points. In the race, each stint's lap times are corrected for fuel (0.055 s per lap of fuel still on board) and fitted against tyre age: the slope is degradation (at least 8 clean laps), and the scatter around the line is consistency (at least 6).
  3. Compare with the field. Each corner needs at least 8 field laps; tyre degradation is compared on the same compound when at least 4 stints used it.
  4. Combine over the era. A weighted average of the session values. An axis is only scored with at least 5 qualifying sessions and 150 lap-corners, or 5 races and 8 stints; otherwise it stays empty rather than guessed.
  5. Rank.The 0–100 score is the driver-era's percentile among every driver-era in the dataset, so 50 is typical.
  6. Confidence.The driver's sessions are resampled 400 times and re-ranked. The 90% range runs from the 5th to the 95th percentile of those ranks, and confidence is 1 minus the average width of the ranges.

COMPARISON GROUPS

ERA AVG

The average of every driver scored in the same regulation era. It sits close to 50 on every axis: a typical driver.

ALL-TIME

The average of every driver-era in the dataset. Scores are ranks among those same driver-eras, so it sits at 50 on every axis by construction.

CHAMPIONS

World champions in the eras they won their titles, from the final standings of completed seasons. In the dataset: Lewis Hamilton (2018, 2019, 2020), Max Verstappen (2021, 2022, 2023, 2024), Lando Norris (2025).

TEAMMATES

The driver's teammates in this era, weighted by sessions shared. Same car, so this is the fairest comparison.

AXES

AXISMEASURESHIGHER MEANSDATA
STEERING SMOOTHNESSHow smoothly the driver steers through each corner.Not measured yet. No public feed carries steering angle; it will come from onboard video.NEEDS ONBOARD VIDEO
ENTRY AGGRESSIONSpeed as the driver comes off the brake, and the minimum speed through the corner.Carries more speed off the brake and through the slowest point.QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER
TYRE MANAGEMENTHow fast lap times drop off as the tyres age, corrected for fuel load.Loses less time per lap of tyre age than the field on the same compound.CLEAN RACE LAPS · PER STINT
THROTTLE APPLICATIONDistance from the slowest point of the corner to full throttle, and the number of throttle lifts in between.Reaches full throttle sooner after the apex, with fewer lifts.QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER
BRAKINGWhere the driver starts braking for each corner, and how long the braking zone lasts.Brakes later and over a shorter distance than the field.QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER
CONSISTENCYHow much clean lap times vary within a stint once the tyre-wear trend is removed.Smaller lap-to-lap variation than the field in the same race.CLEAN RACE LAPS · PER STINT

DATA AND COVERAGE

Source: Official F1 live-timing feed, read through TracingInsights' public FastF1 extraction (2018–2022) and the OpenF1 historical API (2023–2026). The feed gives car data (speed, throttle, brake on/off, gear) about 3.7 times a second, car positions, laps, tyre stints, gaps and race-control messages. It does not carry steering angle or brake pressure. 180 qualifying sessions and 186 races are scored.

SEASONWEEKENDSQUALIFYINGRACESNOT SCORED
20182120/2120/21
Australian qualifying: no race-control messages in the source, so flags cannot be applied
Australian race: no race-control messages in the source, so flags cannot be applied
20192121/2121/21—
20201715/1717/17
Styrian qualifying: wet
Turkish qualifying: wet
20212220/2222/22
Belgian qualifying: wet
Russian qualifying: mixed conditions, 6 drivers on dry tyres
20222220/2222/22
Canadian qualifying: wet
British qualifying: wet
20232221/2222/22
Dutch qualifying: mixed conditions, 9 drivers on dry tyres
20242422/2424/24
Belgian qualifying: wet
São Paulo qualifying: wet
20252422/2424/24
Azerbaijan qualifying: no lap data in the public feed
Las Vegas qualifying: wet
202619 (+4 still to run)19/1919/19—

KNOWN LIMITATIONS

  • The field includes faster and slower cars, so a driver in a quick car scores higher on car-sensitive measures such as minimum corner speed. The teammate comparison is where the car is held constant.
  • The braking point is not adjusted for approach speed: a driver who exits the previous corner faster arrives quicker and has to brake earlier. Braking describes style more than pace.
  • Tyre management cannot tell tyre wear apart from a driver deliberately controlling pace, so its ranges are wide.
  • From 2026, throttle and braking traces also reflect energy recovery (lifting before braking, harvesting at full throttle), not only driving style.
  • Steering smoothness needs steering angle, which no public feed carries. It is never estimated and will come from onboard video, along with seasons before 2018.

PIPELINE TIMING-0.1.0 · GENERATED 2026-11-02 · OFFICIAL F1 LIVE-TIMING FEED, READ THROUGH TRACINGINSIGHTS' PUBLIC FASTF1 EXTRACTION (2018–2022) AND THE OPENF1 HISTORICAL API (2023–2026)