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DRIVING SIGNATURE · FULL METRICS

Lewis Hamilton

Ground effect era (2022–2025) · data from 2022–2025 · Mercedes, Ferrari

LATE HYBRID · 2018–2021GROUND EFFECT · 2022–2025ACTIVE AERO · 2026

LAPS USED

2,851

QUALIFYING

84

RACES

86

AXES SCORED

5/6

CONFIDENCE

0.73

How this is calculated — the era, the field, the comparison groups and every threshold.

OVERVIEW

Each axis is a 0–100 rank among every driver-era in the dataset, built from differences to the same-session field. The 90% range is where nine in ten resampled scores land. Rank is within the ground effect field.

STEERINGSMOOTHNESSPENDINGENTRY AGGRESSIONTYRE MANAGEMENTTHROTTLE APPLICATIONBRAKINGCONSISTENCY

DASHED: ERA AVG — The average of every driver scored in the same regulation era. It sits close to 50 on every axis: a typical driver.

AXISSCORE90% RANGERANKERA AVGALL-TIMECHAMPIONSTEAMMATES
STEERINGPENDING——————
ENTRY5548–6512/2951509278
TYRE MGMT5523–7313/3047505163
THROTTLE3832–4520/2949507670
BRAKING7764–845/2951507871
CONSISTENCY4630–6516/3149508188

AXIS BY AXIS

What each axis measures, where the driver sits among this era's drivers, the raw differences behind the score, and how it moved from weekend to weekend.

ENTRY AGGRESSION

QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER

Speed as the driver comes off the brake, and the minimum speed through the corner.

55/ 100
RANK 12 OF 29 · GROUND EFFECT FIELD
90% RANGE 48–65

Higher means: Carries more speed off the brake and through the slowest point.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Williams): 29Fernando Alonso (Aston Martin): 41Kimi Antonelli (Mercedes): 78Oliver Bearman (Haas F1 Team): 51Gabriel Bortoleto (Kick Sauber): 12Valtteri Bottas (Alfa Romeo): 31Franco Colapinto (Alpine): 38Pierre Gasly (Alpine): 82Isack Hadjar (Racing Bulls): 71Nico Hulkenberg (Haas F1 Team): 35Nicholas Latifi (Williams): 3Liam Lawson (Racing Bulls): 50Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 83Kevin Magnussen (Haas F1 Team): 28Mick Schumacher (Haas F1 Team): 64Lando Norris (McLaren): 97Esteban Ocon (Alpine): 34Sergio Perez (Red Bull Racing): 70Oscar Piastri (McLaren): 96Daniel Ricciardo (McLaren): 69George Russell (Mercedes): 76Carlos Sainz (Ferrari): 54Logan Sargeant (Williams): 20Lance Stroll (Aston Martin): 19Yuki Tsunoda (AlphaTauri): 48Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 80Sebastian Vettel (Aston Martin): 43Guanyu Zhou (Alfa Romeo): 23Lewis Hamilton: 55

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

0.5 km/h less speed as the brake comes off.

0.3 km/h higher minimum corner speed.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

2022202320242025
2022 Sakhir: +0.372022 Jeddah: -0.492022 Melbourne: +0.222022 Imola: -0.802022 Miami: -0.092022 Barcelona: +0.592022 Monaco: +0.222022 Baku: -0.012022 Montréal: no usable session2022 Silverstone: no usable session2022 Spielberg: +0.972022 Le Castellet: +0.342022 Budapest: -0.052022 Spa-Francorchamps: +0.562022 Zandvoort: +0.612022 Monza: -0.022022 Marina Bay: +0.192022 Suzuka: +0.562022 Austin: +0.082022 Mexico City: +0.602022 São Paulo: +0.152022 Yas Island: +0.552023 Sakhir: +0.402023 Jeddah: +0.332023 Melbourne: +0.292023 Baku: +0.542023 Miami: +0.072023 Monte Carlo: +0.082023 Catalunya: -0.172023 Montreal: no usable session2023 Spielberg: +0.112023 Silverstone: +0.102023 Hungaroring: +0.442023 Spa-Francorchamps: -0.072023 Zandvoort: no usable session2023 Monza: +0.402023 Singapore: +0.192023 Suzuka: -0.012023 Lusail: +0.092023 Austin: -0.092023 Mexico City: -0.012023 Interlagos: +0.222023 Las Vegas: -0.602023 Yas Marina Circuit: -0.432024 Sakhir: +0.222024 Jeddah: -0.342024 Melbourne: -0.042024 Suzuka: +0.182024 Shanghai: -1.062024 Miami: -0.192024 Imola: -0.472024 Monte Carlo: -0.022024 Montreal: +0.092024 Catalunya: +0.072024 Spielberg: +0.442024 Silverstone: -0.172024 Hungaroring: +0.122024 Spa-Francorchamps: no usable session2024 Zandvoort: +0.062024 Monza: +0.622024 Baku: -0.072024 Singapore: -0.122024 Austin: -1.242024 Mexico City: -0.102024 Las Vegas: -0.092024 Lusail: +0.092024 Yas Marina Circuit: -0.972025 Melbourne: +0.032025 Shanghai: -0.552025 Suzuka: +0.182025 Sakhir: -0.572025 Jeddah: -0.402025 Miami: -0.642025 Imola: -0.582025 Monte Carlo: +0.162025 Catalunya: +0.192025 Montreal: -0.312025 Spielberg: +0.112025 Silverstone: +0.022025 Spa-Francorchamps: -0.752025 Hungaroring: -0.052025 Zandvoort: +0.102025 Monza: -0.532025 Baku: no usable session2025 Singapore: -0.112025 Austin: -0.282025 Mexico City: -0.062025 Interlagos: -0.302025 Las Vegas: no usable session2025 Lusail: -1.472025 Yas Marina Circuit: -0.39

84 SESSIONS · 1672 LAP-CORNERS · MINIMUM 5 QUALIFYING SESSIONS AND 150 LAP-CORNERS

TYRE MANAGEMENT

CLEAN RACE LAPS · PER STINT

How fast lap times drop off as the tyres age, corrected for fuel load.

55/ 100
RANK 13 OF 30 · GROUND EFFECT FIELD
90% RANGE 23–73

Higher means: Loses less time per lap of tyre age than the field on the same compound.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Williams): 65Fernando Alonso (Aston Martin): 96Kimi Antonelli (Mercedes): 85Oliver Bearman (Haas F1 Team): 90Gabriel Bortoleto (Kick Sauber): 5Valtteri Bottas (Alfa Romeo): 14Franco Colapinto (Alpine): 21Nyck De Vries (AlphaTauri): 12Pierre Gasly (Alpine): 27Isack Hadjar (Racing Bulls): 51Nico Hulkenberg (Haas F1 Team): 23Nicholas Latifi (Williams): 7Liam Lawson (Racing Bulls): 76Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 41Kevin Magnussen (Haas F1 Team): 19Mick Schumacher (Haas F1 Team): 32Lando Norris (McLaren): 57Esteban Ocon (Alpine): 66Sergio Perez (Red Bull Racing): 13Oscar Piastri (McLaren): 77Daniel Ricciardo (McLaren): 73George Russell (Mercedes): 71Carlos Sainz (Ferrari): 68Logan Sargeant (Williams): 1Lance Stroll (Aston Martin): 30Yuki Tsunoda (AlphaTauri): 45Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 48Sebastian Vettel (Aston Martin): 97Guanyu Zhou (Alfa Romeo): 31Lewis Hamilton: 55

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

Loses 0.060 s per lap of tyre age after fuel correction, 0.008 s/lap more than the race median.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

2022202320242025
2022 Sakhir: +0.592022 Jeddah: +1.072022 Melbourne: +0.752022 Imola: no usable session2022 Miami: -0.382022 Barcelona: -0.322022 Monaco: -0.882022 Baku: -0.212022 Montréal: +0.132022 Silverstone: +0.722022 Spielberg: +0.602022 Le Castellet: -0.542022 Budapest: +0.082022 Spa-Francorchamps: no usable session2022 Zandvoort: +0.402022 Monza: -0.012022 Marina Bay: no usable session2022 Suzuka: no usable session2022 Austin: -0.782022 Mexico City: -0.412022 São Paulo: -0.172022 Yas Island: -0.042023 Sakhir: +0.782023 Jeddah: -0.392023 Melbourne: +1.632023 Baku: no usable session2023 Miami: -0.232023 Monte Carlo: +0.482023 Catalunya: +0.042023 Montreal: -0.942023 Spielberg: -0.022023 Silverstone: +0.162023 Hungaroring: +0.612023 Spa-Francorchamps: -0.652023 Zandvoort: no usable session2023 Monza: +0.672023 Singapore: -0.912023 Suzuka: -0.342023 Lusail: no usable session2023 Austin: +0.262023 Mexico City: +0.672023 Interlagos: -0.332023 Las Vegas: no usable session2023 Yas Marina Circuit: +1.002024 Sakhir: +0.562024 Jeddah: -0.442024 Melbourne: no usable session2024 Suzuka: -1.362024 Shanghai: no usable session2024 Miami: +2.312024 Imola: -0.142024 Monte Carlo: +0.322024 Montreal: no usable session2024 Catalunya: +0.232024 Spielberg: +0.052024 Silverstone: -0.312024 Hungaroring: +0.522024 Spa-Francorchamps: -0.432024 Zandvoort: +0.132024 Monza: -0.382024 Baku: +0.132024 Singapore: +0.052024 Austin: no usable session2024 Mexico City: +0.052024 Las Vegas: -1.342024 Lusail: -0.812024 Yas Marina Circuit: +1.242025 Melbourne: no usable session2025 Shanghai: -0.752025 Suzuka: -0.142025 Sakhir: -1.302025 Jeddah: +0.292025 Miami: +0.672025 Imola: +1.322025 Monte Carlo: -0.362025 Catalunya: +0.012025 Montreal: -0.502025 Spielberg: -0.252025 Silverstone: 0.002025 Spa-Francorchamps: +1.882025 Hungaroring: +0.132025 Zandvoort: no usable session2025 Monza: +0.072025 Baku: +0.832025 Singapore: -0.492025 Austin: -2.322025 Mexico City: -0.942025 Interlagos: -2.292025 Las Vegas: 0.002025 Lusail: -0.652025 Yas Marina Circuit: +0.19

77 SESSIONS · 147 STINTS · MINIMUM 5 RACES AND 8 STINTS

THROTTLE APPLICATION

QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER

Distance from the slowest point of the corner to full throttle, and the number of throttle lifts in between.

38/ 100
RANK 20 OF 29 · GROUND EFFECT FIELD
90% RANGE 32–45

Higher means: Reaches full throttle sooner after the apex, with fewer lifts.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Williams): 3Fernando Alonso (Aston Martin): 72Kimi Antonelli (Mercedes): 65Oliver Bearman (Haas F1 Team): 28Gabriel Bortoleto (Kick Sauber): 55Valtteri Bottas (Alfa Romeo): 41Franco Colapinto (Alpine): 8Pierre Gasly (Alpine): 80Isack Hadjar (Racing Bulls): 82Nico Hulkenberg (Haas F1 Team): 48Nicholas Latifi (Williams): 6Liam Lawson (Racing Bulls): 77Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 40Kevin Magnussen (Haas F1 Team): 44Mick Schumacher (Haas F1 Team): 23Lando Norris (McLaren): 52Esteban Ocon (Alpine): 15Sergio Perez (Red Bull Racing): 99Oscar Piastri (McLaren): 31Daniel Ricciardo (McLaren): 59George Russell (Mercedes): 81Carlos Sainz (Ferrari): 50Logan Sargeant (Williams): 10Lance Stroll (Aston Martin): 86Yuki Tsunoda (AlphaTauri): 71Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 98Sebastian Vettel (Aston Martin): 51Guanyu Zhou (Alfa Romeo): 14Lewis Hamilton: 38

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

Reaches full throttle 3.0 m further from the apex than the field median.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

2022202320242025
2022 Sakhir: +0.282022 Jeddah: -0.252022 Melbourne: -0.062022 Imola: -0.182022 Miami: +0.382022 Barcelona: -0.342022 Monaco: +0.062022 Baku: -0.092022 Montréal: no usable session2022 Silverstone: no usable session2022 Spielberg: -0.202022 Le Castellet: +0.172022 Budapest: -0.142022 Spa-Francorchamps: -0.482022 Zandvoort: +0.142022 Monza: -0.232022 Marina Bay: +0.152022 Suzuka: +0.312022 Austin: +0.142022 Mexico City: -0.052022 São Paulo: -0.182022 Yas Island: -0.182023 Sakhir: +0.052023 Jeddah: -0.212023 Melbourne: +0.112023 Baku: -0.072023 Miami: -0.052023 Monte Carlo: +0.202023 Catalunya: +0.072023 Montreal: no usable session2023 Spielberg: -0.032023 Silverstone: -0.202023 Hungaroring: -0.102023 Spa-Francorchamps: -0.532023 Zandvoort: no usable session2023 Monza: +0.252023 Singapore: -0.112023 Suzuka: -0.282023 Lusail: +0.012023 Austin: -0.172023 Mexico City: -0.092023 Interlagos: -0.262023 Las Vegas: -0.092023 Yas Marina Circuit: -0.352024 Sakhir: -0.012024 Jeddah: -0.232024 Melbourne: -0.152024 Suzuka: -0.062024 Shanghai: +0.252024 Miami: -0.132024 Imola: -0.032024 Monte Carlo: +0.062024 Montreal: -0.152024 Catalunya: -0.392024 Spielberg: +0.032024 Silverstone: -0.032024 Hungaroring: +0.252024 Spa-Francorchamps: no usable session2024 Zandvoort: +0.042024 Monza: -0.112024 Baku: +0.132024 Singapore: -0.262024 Austin: -0.062024 Mexico City: +0.302024 Las Vegas: +0.362024 Lusail: -0.392024 Yas Marina Circuit: -0.482025 Melbourne: -0.032025 Shanghai: -0.212025 Suzuka: +0.142025 Sakhir: -0.432025 Jeddah: -0.352025 Miami: -0.392025 Imola: -0.092025 Monte Carlo: +0.112025 Catalunya: -0.272025 Montreal: +0.362025 Spielberg: -0.102025 Silverstone: -0.082025 Spa-Francorchamps: -0.462025 Hungaroring: -0.302025 Zandvoort: -0.512025 Monza: -0.252025 Baku: no usable session2025 Singapore: +0.072025 Austin: -0.062025 Mexico City: +0.212025 Interlagos: -0.152025 Las Vegas: no usable session2025 Lusail: -0.332025 Yas Marina Circuit: -0.46

84 SESSIONS · 1588 LAP-CORNERS · MINIMUM 5 QUALIFYING SESSIONS AND 150 LAP-CORNERS

BRAKING

QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER

Where the driver starts braking for each corner, and how long the braking zone lasts.

77/ 100
RANK 5 OF 29 · GROUND EFFECT FIELD
90% RANGE 64–84

Higher means: Brakes later and over a shorter distance than the field.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Williams): 22Fernando Alonso (Aston Martin): 76Kimi Antonelli (Mercedes): 62Oliver Bearman (Haas F1 Team): 41Gabriel Bortoleto (Kick Sauber): 23Valtteri Bottas (Alfa Romeo): 36Franco Colapinto (Alpine): 18Pierre Gasly (Alpine): 64Isack Hadjar (Racing Bulls): 82Nico Hulkenberg (Haas F1 Team): 48Nicholas Latifi (Williams): 3Liam Lawson (Racing Bulls): 51Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 67Kevin Magnussen (Haas F1 Team): 34Mick Schumacher (Haas F1 Team): 19Lando Norris (McLaren): 80Esteban Ocon (Alpine): 20Sergio Perez (Red Bull Racing): 45Oscar Piastri (McLaren): 83Daniel Ricciardo (McLaren): 71George Russell (Mercedes): 72Carlos Sainz (Ferrari): 35Logan Sargeant (Williams): 28Lance Stroll (Aston Martin): 65Yuki Tsunoda (AlphaTauri): 87Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 56Sebastian Vettel (Aston Martin): 50Guanyu Zhou (Alfa Romeo): 54Lewis Hamilton: 77

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

Starts braking 3.5 m later than the field median.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

2022202320242025
2022 Sakhir: +0.522022 Jeddah: +0.312022 Melbourne: +0.752022 Imola: +0.142022 Miami: +0.232022 Barcelona: +0.782022 Monaco: +1.112022 Baku: +0.032022 Montréal: no usable session2022 Silverstone: no usable session2022 Spielberg: +0.202022 Le Castellet: +0.392022 Budapest: +0.152022 Spa-Francorchamps: +0.452022 Zandvoort: +0.572022 Monza: +0.042022 Marina Bay: +0.302022 Suzuka: +0.422022 Austin: +0.432022 Mexico City: +0.752022 São Paulo: +0.772022 Yas Island: +0.292023 Sakhir: +0.082023 Jeddah: +0.232023 Melbourne: +0.172023 Baku: +0.162023 Miami: -0.072023 Monte Carlo: -0.162023 Catalunya: +0.042023 Montreal: no usable session2023 Spielberg: +0.472023 Silverstone: +0.312023 Hungaroring: +0.382023 Spa-Francorchamps: +0.582023 Zandvoort: no usable session2023 Monza: +0.972023 Singapore: +0.412023 Suzuka: +0.482023 Lusail: +0.452023 Austin: -0.022023 Mexico City: +0.092023 Interlagos: +0.272023 Las Vegas: +0.282023 Yas Marina Circuit: 0.002024 Sakhir: +0.112024 Jeddah: -0.332024 Melbourne: +0.592024 Suzuka: +0.742024 Shanghai: +0.612024 Miami: +0.562024 Imola: +0.272024 Monte Carlo: +0.432024 Montreal: +0.342024 Catalunya: +0.162024 Spielberg: +0.652024 Silverstone: +0.232024 Hungaroring: +0.662024 Spa-Francorchamps: no usable session2024 Zandvoort: +0.212024 Monza: +0.532024 Baku: +0.192024 Singapore: +0.472024 Austin: +0.172024 Mexico City: +0.352024 Las Vegas: +0.852024 Lusail: +0.242024 Yas Marina Circuit: -0.272025 Melbourne: -0.102025 Shanghai: -0.562025 Suzuka: -0.062025 Sakhir: -0.282025 Jeddah: -0.832025 Miami: -0.202025 Imola: -0.752025 Monte Carlo: -0.362025 Catalunya: +0.262025 Montreal: -0.392025 Spielberg: +0.022025 Silverstone: -0.162025 Spa-Francorchamps: -0.502025 Hungaroring: -0.522025 Zandvoort: -0.302025 Monza: +0.092025 Baku: no usable session2025 Singapore: +0.212025 Austin: -0.092025 Mexico City: -0.012025 Interlagos: -0.332025 Las Vegas: no usable session2025 Lusail: -0.522025 Yas Marina Circuit: +0.12

84 SESSIONS · 1531 LAP-CORNERS · MINIMUM 5 QUALIFYING SESSIONS AND 150 LAP-CORNERS

CONSISTENCY

CLEAN RACE LAPS · PER STINT

How much clean lap times vary within a stint once the tyre-wear trend is removed.

46/ 100
RANK 16 OF 31 · GROUND EFFECT FIELD
90% RANGE 30–65

Higher means: Smaller lap-to-lap variation than the field in the same race.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Williams): 62Fernando Alonso (Aston Martin): 38Kimi Antonelli (Mercedes): 81Oliver Bearman (Haas F1 Team): 36Gabriel Bortoleto (Kick Sauber): 25Valtteri Bottas (Alfa Romeo): 21Franco Colapinto (Alpine): 39Nyck De Vries (AlphaTauri): 33Jack Doohan (Alpine): 9Pierre Gasly (Alpine): 79Isack Hadjar (Racing Bulls): 55Nico Hulkenberg (Haas F1 Team): 19Nicholas Latifi (Williams): 5Liam Lawson (Racing Bulls): 70Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 72Kevin Magnussen (Haas F1 Team): 11Mick Schumacher (Haas F1 Team): 13Lando Norris (McLaren): 75Esteban Ocon (Alpine): 83Sergio Perez (Red Bull Racing): 52Oscar Piastri (McLaren): 56Daniel Ricciardo (McLaren): 31George Russell (Mercedes): 93Carlos Sainz (Ferrari): 89Logan Sargeant (Williams): 16Lance Stroll (Aston Martin): 68Yuki Tsunoda (AlphaTauri): 42Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 97Sebastian Vettel (Aston Martin): 78Guanyu Zhou (Alfa Romeo): 20Lewis Hamilton: 46

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

Lap times scatter 0.320 s around the stint trend, 0.041 s looser than the field median.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

2022202320242025
2022 Sakhir: -1.502022 Jeddah: +0.072022 Melbourne: +0.432022 Imola: no usable session2022 Miami: +0.422022 Barcelona: -0.902022 Monaco: 0.002022 Baku: +0.042022 Montréal: +0.092022 Silverstone: +0.362022 Spielberg: -1.012022 Le Castellet: -0.672022 Budapest: -0.222022 Spa-Francorchamps: no usable session2022 Zandvoort: -0.702022 Monza: -0.192022 Marina Bay: no usable session2022 Suzuka: no usable session2022 Austin: -1.022022 Mexico City: +0.202022 São Paulo: -0.162022 Yas Island: +0.662023 Sakhir: -0.062023 Jeddah: +0.632023 Melbourne: -0.682023 Baku: no usable session2023 Miami: +0.112023 Monte Carlo: -0.082023 Catalunya: -0.032023 Montreal: -0.522023 Spielberg: -1.042023 Silverstone: -1.212023 Hungaroring: -1.272023 Spa-Francorchamps: -0.672023 Zandvoort: -1.452023 Monza: -0.222023 Singapore: +0.782023 Suzuka: -1.152023 Lusail: no usable session2023 Austin: +0.262023 Mexico City: -0.432023 Interlagos: +0.322023 Las Vegas: +0.762023 Yas Marina Circuit: +0.402024 Sakhir: -1.062024 Jeddah: -0.562024 Melbourne: no usable session2024 Suzuka: -0.082024 Shanghai: +0.642024 Miami: +0.672024 Imola: -0.832024 Monte Carlo: +0.282024 Montreal: no usable session2024 Catalunya: -0.102024 Spielberg: +0.192024 Silverstone: +0.062024 Hungaroring: -0.102024 Spa-Francorchamps: +0.362024 Zandvoort: -0.862024 Monza: -0.302024 Baku: +0.892024 Singapore: -0.282024 Austin: no usable session2024 Mexico City: -0.012024 Las Vegas: -3.002024 Lusail: -1.932024 Yas Marina Circuit: +0.732025 Melbourne: no usable session2025 Shanghai: +0.172025 Suzuka: -0.212025 Sakhir: -0.372025 Jeddah: +0.072025 Miami: -0.412025 Imola: -1.092025 Monte Carlo: -0.552025 Catalunya: -0.042025 Montreal: -0.892025 Spielberg: +0.322025 Silverstone: -0.672025 Spa-Francorchamps: 0.002025 Hungaroring: -2.022025 Zandvoort: no usable session2025 Monza: -0.042025 Baku: +0.022025 Singapore: -0.102025 Austin: -0.332025 Mexico City: -0.592025 Interlagos: -2.132025 Las Vegas: +0.372025 Lusail: -1.062025 Yas Marina Circuit: -0.71

80 SESSIONS · 165 STINTS · MINIMUM 5 RACES AND 8 STINTS

STEERING SMOOTHNESS

NEEDS ONBOARD VIDEO

How smoothly the driver steers through each corner.

PENDING

Not measured yet. No public feed carries steering angle; it will come from onboard video.

TEAMMATES

Same car, same sessions. Each cell is the average difference over the sessions they shared, in field-spread units: +0.30 means 0.3 of a typical field spread better on that axis. Qualifying H2H is the share of shared qualifying sessions where Hamilton's best lap was faster.

TEAMMATESHAREDQUALI H2HENTRYTYRE MGMTTHROTTLEBRAKINGCONSISTENCY
George Russell123
61 Q · 62 R
41%-0.19-0.12-0.23+0.19-0.38
Charles Leclerc44
22 Q · 22 R
27%-0.48+0.08+0.05-0.32-0.04

SESSION LOG

Every weekend in this era. Values are the difference from that session's field in field-spread units, green better and red worse. A dash means the session was skipped (wet, or no data) or the driver had no usable laps.

WEEKENDCIRCUITTEAMQ LAPSBRAKINGENTRYTHROTTLERACE LAPSCONSISTENCYTYRE MGMT
2022 R01SakhirMercedes3+0.52+0.37+0.2826-1.50+0.59
2022 R02JeddahMercedes3+0.31-0.49-0.2518+0.07+1.07
2022 R03MelbourneMercedes3+0.75+0.22-0.0629+0.43+0.75
2022 R04ImolaMercedes3+0.14-0.80-0.180——
2022 R05MiamiMercedes3+0.23-0.09+0.3835+0.42-0.38
2022 R06BarcelonaMercedes3+0.78+0.59-0.3448-0.90-0.32
2022 R07MonacoMercedes2+1.11+0.22+0.06120.00-0.88
2022 R08BakuMercedes3+0.03-0.01-0.0925+0.04-0.21
2022 R09MontréalMercedes————44+0.09+0.13
2022 R10SilverstoneMercedes————31+0.36+0.72
2022 R11SpielbergMercedes3+0.20+0.97-0.2048-1.01+0.60
2022 R12Le CastelletMercedes3+0.39+0.34+0.1743-0.67-0.54
2022 R13BudapestMercedes3+0.15-0.05-0.1443-0.22+0.08
2022 R14Spa-FrancorchampsMercedes3+0.45+0.56-0.48———
2022 R15ZandvoortMercedes3+0.57+0.61+0.1435-0.70+0.40
2022 R16MonzaMercedes3+0.04-0.02-0.2321-0.19-0.01
2022 R17Marina BayMercedes1+0.30+0.19+0.150——
2022 R18SuzukaMercedes3+0.42+0.56+0.31———
2022 R19AustinMercedes3+0.43+0.08+0.1435-1.02-0.78
2022 R20Mexico CityMercedes3+0.75+0.60-0.0561+0.20-0.41
2022 R21São PauloMercedes2+0.77+0.15-0.1828-0.16-0.17
2022 R22Yas IslandMercedes3+0.29+0.55-0.1839+0.66-0.04
2023 R01SakhirMercedes3+0.08+0.40+0.0538-0.06+0.78
2023 R02JeddahMercedes3+0.23+0.33-0.2132+0.63-0.39
2023 R03MelbourneMercedes3+0.17+0.29+0.1140-0.68+1.63
2023 R04BakuMercedes3+0.16+0.54-0.070——
2023 R05MiamiMercedes3-0.07+0.07-0.0524+0.11-0.23
2023 R06Monte CarloMercedes3-0.16+0.08+0.2036-0.08+0.48
2023 R07CatalunyaMercedes3+0.04-0.17+0.0751-0.03+0.04
2023 R08MontrealMercedes————40-0.52-0.94
2023 R09SpielbergMercedes3+0.47+0.11-0.0343-1.04-0.02
2023 R10SilverstoneMercedes2+0.31+0.10-0.2028-1.21+0.16
2023 R11HungaroringMercedes2+0.38+0.44-0.1055-1.27+0.61
2023 R12Spa-FrancorchampsMercedes1+0.58-0.07-0.5326-0.67-0.65
2023 R13ZandvoortMercedes————7-1.45—
2023 R14MonzaMercedes3+0.97+0.40+0.2516-0.22+0.67
2023 R15SingaporeMercedes3+0.41+0.19-0.118+0.78-0.91
2023 R16SuzukaMercedes3+0.48-0.01-0.2828-1.15-0.34
2023 R17LusailMercedes2+0.45+0.09+0.01———
2023 R18AustinMercedes3-0.02-0.09-0.1744+0.26+0.26
2023 R19Mexico CityMercedes3+0.09-0.01-0.0937-0.43+0.67
2023 R20InterlagosMercedes3+0.27+0.22-0.2657+0.32-0.33
2023 R21Las VegasMercedes3+0.28-0.60-0.096+0.76—
2023 R22Yas Marina CircuitMercedes30.00-0.43-0.3527+0.40+1.00
2024 R01SakhirMercedes3+0.11+0.22-0.0141-1.06+0.56
2024 R02JeddahMercedes3-0.33-0.34-0.2320-0.56-0.44
2024 R03MelbourneMercedes3+0.59-0.04-0.150——
2024 R04SuzukaMercedes3+0.74+0.18-0.0632-0.08-1.36
2024 R05ShanghaiMercedes1+0.61-1.06+0.2513+0.64—
2024 R06MiamiMercedes3+0.56-0.19-0.1314+0.67+2.31
2024 R07ImolaMercedes3+0.27-0.47-0.0342-0.83-0.14
2024 R08Monte CarloMercedes3+0.43-0.02+0.0663+0.28+0.32
2024 R09MontrealMercedes3+0.34+0.09-0.150——
2024 R10CatalunyaMercedes3+0.16+0.07-0.3928-0.10+0.23
2024 R11SpielbergMercedes3+0.65+0.44+0.0350+0.19+0.05
2024 R12SilverstoneMercedes3+0.23-0.17-0.0322+0.06-0.31
2024 R13HungaroringMercedes3+0.66+0.12+0.2550-0.10+0.52
2024 R14Spa-FrancorchampsMercedes————30+0.36-0.43
2024 R15ZandvoortMercedes3+0.21+0.06+0.0438-0.86+0.13
2024 R16MonzaMercedes3+0.53+0.62-0.1131-0.30-0.38
2024 R17BakuMercedes3+0.19-0.07+0.1315+0.89+0.13
2024 R18SingaporeMercedes2+0.47-0.12-0.2653-0.28+0.05
2024 R19AustinMercedes1+0.17-1.24-0.06———
2024 R20Mexico CityMercedes3+0.35-0.10+0.3032-0.01+0.05
2024 R22Las VegasMercedes3+0.85-0.09+0.3621-3.00-1.34
2024 R23LusailMercedes3+0.24+0.09-0.3920-1.93-0.81
2024 R24Yas Marina CircuitMercedes2-0.27-0.97-0.4837+0.73+1.24
2025 R01MelbourneFerrari3-0.10+0.03-0.030——
2025 R02ShanghaiFerrari3-0.56-0.55-0.2146+0.17-0.75
2025 R03SuzukaFerrari3-0.06+0.18+0.1443-0.21-0.14
2025 R04SakhirFerrari3-0.28-0.57-0.4333-0.37-1.30
2025 R05JeddahFerrari3-0.83-0.40-0.3539+0.07+0.29
2025 R06MiamiFerrari3-0.20-0.64-0.3917-0.41+0.67
2025 R07ImolaFerrari3-0.75-0.58-0.099-1.09+1.32
2025 R08Monte CarloFerrari3-0.36+0.16+0.1156-0.55-0.36
2025 R09CatalunyaFerrari3+0.26+0.19-0.2745-0.04+0.01
2025 R10MontrealFerrari3-0.39-0.31+0.3651-0.89-0.50
2025 R11SpielbergFerrari3+0.02+0.11-0.1058+0.32-0.25
2025 R12SilverstoneFerrari3-0.16+0.02-0.088-0.670.00
2025 R13Spa-FrancorchampsFerrari1-0.50-0.75-0.4690.00+1.88
2025 R14HungaroringFerrari3-0.52-0.05-0.3022-2.02+0.13
2025 R15ZandvoortFerrari3-0.30+0.10-0.51———
2025 R16MonzaFerrari3+0.09-0.53-0.2543-0.04+0.07
2025 R17BakuFerrari————25+0.02+0.83
2025 R18SingaporeFerrari3+0.21-0.11+0.0736-0.10-0.49
2025 R19AustinFerrari3-0.09-0.28-0.0637-0.33-2.32
2025 R20Mexico CityFerrari3-0.01-0.06+0.2148-0.59-0.94
2025 R21InterlagosFerrari3-0.33-0.30-0.1515-2.13-2.29
2025 R22Las VegasFerrari————27+0.370.00
2025 R23LusailFerrari2-0.52-1.47-0.3319-1.06-0.65
2025 R24Yas Marina CircuitFerrari3+0.12-0.39-0.4615-0.71+0.19

HOW THIS IS CALCULATED

The definitions behind every number on this page. The full specification lives with the pipeline code (backend/pipeline/signature/SPEC.md).

REGULATION ERAS

An era is a period under one set of technical rules. When the rules change, every car brakes, turns and wears its tyres differently, so a driver's style relative to the field can shift too. Signatures are therefore computed separately for each era, and the driver page shows the most recent era with at least one scored axis. These eras are defined by the car rules, separate from the storytelling eras elsewhere on the site.

ERAWHAT DEFINES ITDATA IN THIS DATASET
LATE HYBRID
2018–2021
1.6-litre V6 turbo hybrid power units, used since 2014, in the wider, higher-downforce cars on wider tyres introduced in 2017.
The era starts in 2018, the first season of the official timing archive, although its car rules date from 2017.
2018–2021
30 drivers scored
GROUND EFFECT
2022–2025
THIS PAGE
Most downforce comes from two Venturi tunnels under the floor, with simplified wings and 18-inch low-profile tyres, so that cars can follow each other more closely.
2022–2025
31 drivers scored
ACTIVE AERO
2026 onwards
Front and rear wings switch between a corner mode and a low-drag straight mode, replacing DRS. Cars are shorter, narrower and lighter (768 kg), the floor tunnels are gone, and power is split roughly half and half between combustion and electric, with the MGU-H removed and fully sustainable fuel.
Energy recovery is a bigger part of each lap: drivers lift off before braking to recharge and cars harvest at full throttle at the end of straights. Throttle and braking traces reflect energy management as well as driving style.
2026
22 drivers scored

THE FIELD

Every measurement is a difference from the other cars in the same session. Comparing within a session cancels out the track, the weather, the tyre generation and the overall speed of that year's cars, which is what makes different weekends comparable. For each corner, or each race, the driver's value has the field median subtracted and is divided by the field's spread (a robust z-score, capped at ±3). A value of +1 means one typical field spread better than the median driver.

FROM LAPS TO A SCORE

  1. Pick the laps. Qualifying: up to 3 push laps per driver, within 1% of their own best and 107% of the fastest lap, on dry tyres, not deleted for track limits and not run under red or yellow flags. Race: clean laps only, meaning not lap 1, no pit laps, no safety car, virtual safety car, red or yellow flag, dry tyres, at least 1.5 s behind the car ahead, and within 107% of the driver's stint median.
  2. Measure.Corners are the slowest points of the session's fastest lap (dips of at least 25km/h). Every lap is mapped onto that lap's line, so all drivers' brake points and apexes share one distance scale. Full throttle means 98% pedal or more, and a lift is a drop of 10points. In the race, each stint's lap times are corrected for fuel (0.055 s per lap of fuel still on board) and fitted against tyre age: the slope is degradation (at least 8 clean laps), and the scatter around the line is consistency (at least 6).
  3. Compare with the field. Each corner needs at least 8 field laps; tyre degradation is compared on the same compound when at least 4 stints used it.
  4. Combine over the era. A weighted average of the session values. An axis is only scored with at least 5 qualifying sessions and 150 lap-corners, or 5 races and 8 stints; otherwise it stays empty rather than guessed.
  5. Rank.The 0–100 score is the driver-era's percentile among every driver-era in the dataset, so 50 is typical.
  6. Confidence.The driver's sessions are resampled 400 times and re-ranked. The 90% range runs from the 5th to the 95th percentile of those ranks, and confidence is 1 minus the average width of the ranges.

COMPARISON GROUPS

ERA AVG

The average of every driver scored in the same regulation era. It sits close to 50 on every axis: a typical driver.

ALL-TIME

The average of every driver-era in the dataset. Scores are ranks among those same driver-eras, so it sits at 50 on every axis by construction.

CHAMPIONS

World champions in the eras they won their titles, from the final standings of completed seasons. In the dataset: Lewis Hamilton (2018, 2019, 2020), Max Verstappen (2021, 2022, 2023, 2024), Lando Norris (2025).

TEAMMATES

The driver's teammates in this era, weighted by sessions shared. Same car, so this is the fairest comparison.

AXES

AXISMEASURESHIGHER MEANSDATA
STEERING SMOOTHNESSHow smoothly the driver steers through each corner.Not measured yet. No public feed carries steering angle; it will come from onboard video.NEEDS ONBOARD VIDEO
ENTRY AGGRESSIONSpeed as the driver comes off the brake, and the minimum speed through the corner.Carries more speed off the brake and through the slowest point.QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER
TYRE MANAGEMENTHow fast lap times drop off as the tyres age, corrected for fuel load.Loses less time per lap of tyre age than the field on the same compound.CLEAN RACE LAPS · PER STINT
THROTTLE APPLICATIONDistance from the slowest point of the corner to full throttle, and the number of throttle lifts in between.Reaches full throttle sooner after the apex, with fewer lifts.QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER
BRAKINGWhere the driver starts braking for each corner, and how long the braking zone lasts.Brakes later and over a shorter distance than the field.QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER
CONSISTENCYHow much clean lap times vary within a stint once the tyre-wear trend is removed.Smaller lap-to-lap variation than the field in the same race.CLEAN RACE LAPS · PER STINT

DATA AND COVERAGE

Source: Official F1 live-timing feed, read through TracingInsights' public FastF1 extraction (2018–2022) and the OpenF1 historical API (2023–2026). The feed gives car data (speed, throttle, brake on/off, gear) about 3.7 times a second, car positions, laps, tyre stints, gaps and race-control messages. It does not carry steering angle or brake pressure. 180 qualifying sessions and 186 races are scored.

SEASONWEEKENDSQUALIFYINGRACESNOT SCORED
20182120/2120/21
Australian qualifying: no race-control messages in the source, so flags cannot be applied
Australian race: no race-control messages in the source, so flags cannot be applied
20192121/2121/21—
20201715/1717/17
Styrian qualifying: wet
Turkish qualifying: wet
20212220/2222/22
Belgian qualifying: wet
Russian qualifying: mixed conditions, 6 drivers on dry tyres
20222220/2222/22
Canadian qualifying: wet
British qualifying: wet
20232221/2222/22
Dutch qualifying: mixed conditions, 9 drivers on dry tyres
20242422/2424/24
Belgian qualifying: wet
São Paulo qualifying: wet
20252422/2424/24
Azerbaijan qualifying: no lap data in the public feed
Las Vegas qualifying: wet
202619 (+4 still to run)19/1919/19—

KNOWN LIMITATIONS

  • The field includes faster and slower cars, so a driver in a quick car scores higher on car-sensitive measures such as minimum corner speed. The teammate comparison is where the car is held constant.
  • The braking point is not adjusted for approach speed: a driver who exits the previous corner faster arrives quicker and has to brake earlier. Braking describes style more than pace.
  • Tyre management cannot tell tyre wear apart from a driver deliberately controlling pace, so its ranges are wide.
  • From 2026, throttle and braking traces also reflect energy recovery (lifting before braking, harvesting at full throttle), not only driving style.
  • Steering smoothness needs steering angle, which no public feed carries. It is never estimated and will come from onboard video, along with seasons before 2018.

PIPELINE TIMING-0.1.0 · GENERATED 2026-11-02 · OFFICIAL F1 LIVE-TIMING FEED, READ THROUGH TRACINGINSIGHTS' PUBLIC FASTF1 EXTRACTION (2018–2022) AND THE OPENF1 HISTORICAL API (2023–2026)