f(x)
f(1)/DRIVERS/RUSSELL/SIGNATURE
← DRIVER PAGE

DRIVING SIGNATURE · FULL METRICS

George Russell

Ground effect era (2022–2025) · data from 2022–2025 · Mercedes

LATE HYBRID · 2019–2021GROUND EFFECT · 2022–2025ACTIVE AERO · 2026

LAPS USED

3,184

QUALIFYING

82

RACES

89

AXES SCORED

5/6

CONFIDENCE

0.84

How this is calculated — the era, the field, the comparison groups and every threshold.

OVERVIEW

Each axis is a 0–100 rank among every driver-era in the dataset, built from differences to the same-session field. The 90% range is where nine in ten resampled scores land. Rank is within the ground effect field.

STEERINGSMOOTHNESSPENDINGENTRY AGGRESSIONTYRE MANAGEMENTTHROTTLE APPLICATIONBRAKINGCONSISTENCY

DASHED: ERA AVG — The average of every driver scored in the same regulation era. It sits close to 50 on every axis: a typical driver.

AXISSCORE90% RANGERANKERA AVGALL-TIMECHAMPIONSTEAMMATES
STEERINGPENDING——————
ENTRY7675–797/2951509261
TYRE MGMT7152–858/3047505163
THROTTLE8174–865/2949507645
BRAKING7262–817/2951507873
CONSISTENCY9387–982/3149508155

AXIS BY AXIS

What each axis measures, where the driver sits among this era's drivers, the raw differences behind the score, and how it moved from weekend to weekend.

ENTRY AGGRESSION

QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER

Speed as the driver comes off the brake, and the minimum speed through the corner.

76/ 100
RANK 7 OF 29 · GROUND EFFECT FIELD
90% RANGE 75–79

Higher means: Carries more speed off the brake and through the slowest point.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Williams): 29Fernando Alonso (Aston Martin): 41Kimi Antonelli (Mercedes): 78Oliver Bearman (Haas F1 Team): 51Gabriel Bortoleto (Kick Sauber): 12Valtteri Bottas (Alfa Romeo): 31Franco Colapinto (Alpine): 38Pierre Gasly (Alpine): 82Isack Hadjar (Racing Bulls): 71Lewis Hamilton (Mercedes): 55Nico Hulkenberg (Haas F1 Team): 35Nicholas Latifi (Williams): 3Liam Lawson (Racing Bulls): 50Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 83Kevin Magnussen (Haas F1 Team): 28Mick Schumacher (Haas F1 Team): 64Lando Norris (McLaren): 97Esteban Ocon (Alpine): 34Sergio Perez (Red Bull Racing): 70Oscar Piastri (McLaren): 96Daniel Ricciardo (McLaren): 69Carlos Sainz (Ferrari): 54Logan Sargeant (Williams): 20Lance Stroll (Aston Martin): 19Yuki Tsunoda (AlphaTauri): 48Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 80Sebastian Vettel (Aston Martin): 43Guanyu Zhou (Alfa Romeo): 23George Russell: 76

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

2.3 km/h more speed as the brake comes off.

1.1 km/h higher minimum corner speed.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

2022202320242025
2022 Sakhir: +0.352022 Jeddah: +0.562022 Melbourne: +0.482022 Imola: +0.162022 Miami: -0.172022 Barcelona: +0.222022 Monaco: +0.392022 Baku: -0.252022 Montréal: no usable session2022 Spielberg: +0.962022 Le Castellet: +0.102022 Budapest: +0.932022 Spa-Francorchamps: -0.092022 Zandvoort: +0.392022 Monza: +0.312022 Marina Bay: no usable session2022 Suzuka: +0.482022 Austin: +0.562022 Mexico City: +0.602022 São Paulo: +0.612022 Yas Island: +0.762023 Sakhir: -0.032023 Jeddah: +0.092023 Melbourne: +0.612023 Baku: +0.102023 Miami: +0.152023 Monte Carlo: -0.082023 Catalunya: -0.252023 Montreal: no usable session2023 Spielberg: -0.102023 Silverstone: +0.532023 Hungaroring: -0.592023 Spa-Francorchamps: -0.752023 Zandvoort: no usable session2023 Monza: +0.512023 Singapore: +0.272023 Suzuka: -0.102023 Lusail: +0.372023 Austin: -0.132023 Mexico City: +0.332023 Interlagos: +0.312023 Las Vegas: +0.132023 Yas Marina Circuit: +0.522024 Sakhir: +0.402024 Jeddah: +0.102024 Melbourne: +0.052024 Suzuka: -0.222024 Shanghai: +0.142024 Miami: +0.262024 Imola: +0.742024 Monte Carlo: -0.022024 Montreal: +0.462024 Catalunya: +0.192024 Spielberg: +0.542024 Silverstone: +0.472024 Hungaroring: -0.602024 Spa-Francorchamps: no usable session2024 Zandvoort: +0.352024 Monza: +0.692024 Baku: +0.482024 Singapore: -0.082024 Austin: +0.022024 Mexico City: +0.752024 Las Vegas: +0.162024 Lusail: +0.472024 Yas Marina Circuit: 0.002025 Melbourne: +0.072025 Shanghai: -0.372025 Suzuka: +0.442025 Sakhir: +0.472025 Jeddah: +0.472025 Miami: no usable session2025 Imola: +0.542025 Monte Carlo: -0.772025 Catalunya: +0.372025 Montreal: +0.122025 Spielberg: +0.272025 Silverstone: -0.102025 Spa-Francorchamps: +0.132025 Hungaroring: +0.072025 Zandvoort: +0.072025 Monza: +1.072025 Baku: no usable session2025 Singapore: +0.052025 Austin: +0.132025 Mexico City: +0.452025 Interlagos: -0.162025 Las Vegas: no usable session2025 Lusail: +0.302025 Yas Marina Circuit: +0.50

82 SESSIONS · 1644 LAP-CORNERS · MINIMUM 5 QUALIFYING SESSIONS AND 150 LAP-CORNERS

TYRE MANAGEMENT

CLEAN RACE LAPS · PER STINT

How fast lap times drop off as the tyres age, corrected for fuel load.

71/ 100
RANK 8 OF 30 · GROUND EFFECT FIELD
90% RANGE 52–85

Higher means: Loses less time per lap of tyre age than the field on the same compound.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Williams): 65Fernando Alonso (Aston Martin): 96Kimi Antonelli (Mercedes): 85Oliver Bearman (Haas F1 Team): 90Gabriel Bortoleto (Kick Sauber): 5Valtteri Bottas (Alfa Romeo): 14Franco Colapinto (Alpine): 21Nyck De Vries (AlphaTauri): 12Pierre Gasly (Alpine): 27Isack Hadjar (Racing Bulls): 51Lewis Hamilton (Mercedes): 55Nico Hulkenberg (Haas F1 Team): 23Nicholas Latifi (Williams): 7Liam Lawson (Racing Bulls): 76Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 41Kevin Magnussen (Haas F1 Team): 19Mick Schumacher (Haas F1 Team): 32Lando Norris (McLaren): 57Esteban Ocon (Alpine): 66Sergio Perez (Red Bull Racing): 13Oscar Piastri (McLaren): 77Daniel Ricciardo (McLaren): 73Carlos Sainz (Ferrari): 68Logan Sargeant (Williams): 1Lance Stroll (Aston Martin): 30Yuki Tsunoda (AlphaTauri): 45Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 48Sebastian Vettel (Aston Martin): 97Guanyu Zhou (Alfa Romeo): 31George Russell: 71

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

Loses 0.055 s per lap of tyre age after fuel correction, 0.003 s/lap less than the race median.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

2022202320242025
2022 Sakhir: -0.642022 Jeddah: +0.832022 Melbourne: +1.292022 Imola: -0.342022 Miami: +0.872022 Barcelona: -0.782022 Monaco: -0.672022 Baku: -0.412022 Montréal: +0.962022 Spielberg: +0.342022 Le Castellet: -0.082022 Budapest: -0.632022 Spa-Francorchamps: +0.052022 Zandvoort: +0.062022 Monza: -0.252022 Marina Bay: no usable session2022 Suzuka: no usable session2022 Austin: -0.642022 Mexico City: +0.242022 São Paulo: +0.682022 Yas Island: -0.212023 Sakhir: +0.642023 Jeddah: -0.032023 Melbourne: no usable session2023 Baku: +0.062023 Miami: +0.462023 Monte Carlo: +1.092023 Catalunya: -0.162023 Montreal: +1.892023 Spielberg: +0.652023 Silverstone: -0.012023 Hungaroring: -0.122023 Spa-Francorchamps: +0.532023 Zandvoort: +0.502023 Monza: +0.122023 Singapore: +0.222023 Suzuka: +0.842023 Lusail: +0.062023 Austin: 0.002023 Mexico City: -0.372023 Interlagos: +1.792023 Las Vegas: no usable session2023 Yas Marina Circuit: +0.112024 Sakhir: +0.182024 Jeddah: no usable session2024 Melbourne: +0.632024 Suzuka: -1.202024 Shanghai: +0.132024 Miami: -0.682024 Imola: -0.772024 Monte Carlo: +0.632024 Montreal: no usable session2024 Catalunya: 0.002024 Spielberg: +0.042024 Silverstone: +0.102024 Hungaroring: -0.732024 Spa-Francorchamps: -0.202024 Zandvoort: +0.702024 Monza: +1.042024 Baku: +0.652024 Singapore: +0.462024 Austin: +0.102024 Mexico City: -0.362024 Las Vegas: -0.092024 Lusail: -0.672024 Yas Marina Circuit: -0.152025 Melbourne: no usable session2025 Shanghai: +0.252025 Suzuka: +1.692025 Sakhir: +0.382025 Jeddah: -1.792025 Miami: +1.992025 Imola: +0.362025 Monte Carlo: +3.002025 Catalunya: -0.102025 Montreal: +0.332025 Spielberg: +0.222025 Silverstone: no usable session2025 Spa-Francorchamps: -0.662025 Hungaroring: -0.772025 Zandvoort: -0.872025 Monza: -1.252025 Baku: -0.502025 Singapore: +0.062025 Austin: -0.432025 Mexico City: +0.672025 Interlagos: -0.472025 Las Vegas: -0.532025 Lusail: no usable session2025 Yas Marina Circuit: +0.53

81 SESSIONS · 159 STINTS · MINIMUM 5 RACES AND 8 STINTS

THROTTLE APPLICATION

QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER

Distance from the slowest point of the corner to full throttle, and the number of throttle lifts in between.

81/ 100
RANK 5 OF 29 · GROUND EFFECT FIELD
90% RANGE 74–86

Higher means: Reaches full throttle sooner after the apex, with fewer lifts.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Williams): 3Fernando Alonso (Aston Martin): 72Kimi Antonelli (Mercedes): 65Oliver Bearman (Haas F1 Team): 28Gabriel Bortoleto (Kick Sauber): 55Valtteri Bottas (Alfa Romeo): 41Franco Colapinto (Alpine): 8Pierre Gasly (Alpine): 80Isack Hadjar (Racing Bulls): 82Lewis Hamilton (Mercedes): 38Nico Hulkenberg (Haas F1 Team): 48Nicholas Latifi (Williams): 6Liam Lawson (Racing Bulls): 77Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 40Kevin Magnussen (Haas F1 Team): 44Mick Schumacher (Haas F1 Team): 23Lando Norris (McLaren): 52Esteban Ocon (Alpine): 15Sergio Perez (Red Bull Racing): 99Oscar Piastri (McLaren): 31Daniel Ricciardo (McLaren): 59Carlos Sainz (Ferrari): 50Logan Sargeant (Williams): 10Lance Stroll (Aston Martin): 86Yuki Tsunoda (AlphaTauri): 71Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 98Sebastian Vettel (Aston Martin): 51Guanyu Zhou (Alfa Romeo): 14George Russell: 81

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

Reaches full throttle 2.3 m closer to the apex than the field median.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

2022202320242025
2022 Sakhir: +0.322022 Jeddah: -0.152022 Melbourne: +0.302022 Imola: -0.152022 Miami: +0.412022 Barcelona: +0.262022 Monaco: -0.072022 Baku: +0.402022 Montréal: no usable session2022 Spielberg: +0.312022 Le Castellet: -0.072022 Budapest: +0.152022 Spa-Francorchamps: -0.032022 Zandvoort: +0.242022 Monza: +0.242022 Marina Bay: no usable session2022 Suzuka: +0.102022 Austin: +0.412022 Mexico City: +0.572022 São Paulo: +0.572022 Yas Island: +0.562023 Sakhir: +0.042023 Jeddah: +0.062023 Melbourne: +0.412023 Baku: +0.282023 Miami: +0.392023 Monte Carlo: -0.142023 Catalunya: +0.182023 Montreal: no usable session2023 Spielberg: -0.162023 Silverstone: +0.062023 Hungaroring: -0.342023 Spa-Francorchamps: -0.072023 Zandvoort: no usable session2023 Monza: +0.382023 Singapore: +0.202023 Suzuka: +0.172023 Lusail: +0.022023 Austin: +0.282023 Mexico City: -0.242023 Interlagos: +0.322023 Las Vegas: +0.392023 Yas Marina Circuit: -0.142024 Sakhir: +0.312024 Jeddah: 0.002024 Melbourne: +0.102024 Suzuka: +0.222024 Shanghai: +0.262024 Miami: +0.022024 Imola: +0.072024 Monte Carlo: +0.412024 Montreal: +0.282024 Catalunya: +0.372024 Spielberg: +0.122024 Silverstone: +0.362024 Hungaroring: -0.152024 Spa-Francorchamps: no usable session2024 Zandvoort: +0.222024 Monza: +0.262024 Baku: -0.132024 Singapore: +0.102024 Austin: +0.392024 Mexico City: +0.012024 Las Vegas: +0.462024 Lusail: +0.042024 Yas Marina Circuit: 0.002025 Melbourne: -0.012025 Shanghai: +0.302025 Suzuka: -0.042025 Sakhir: +0.202025 Jeddah: +0.312025 Miami: no usable session2025 Imola: +0.062025 Monte Carlo: +0.172025 Catalunya: +0.212025 Montreal: +0.652025 Spielberg: +0.082025 Silverstone: -0.052025 Spa-Francorchamps: -0.662025 Hungaroring: +0.022025 Zandvoort: +0.142025 Monza: +0.042025 Baku: no usable session2025 Singapore: -0.042025 Austin: -0.042025 Mexico City: +0.022025 Interlagos: -0.262025 Las Vegas: no usable session2025 Lusail: -0.032025 Yas Marina Circuit: -0.09

82 SESSIONS · 1556 LAP-CORNERS · MINIMUM 5 QUALIFYING SESSIONS AND 150 LAP-CORNERS

BRAKING

QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER

Where the driver starts braking for each corner, and how long the braking zone lasts.

72/ 100
RANK 7 OF 29 · GROUND EFFECT FIELD
90% RANGE 62–81

Higher means: Brakes later and over a shorter distance than the field.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Williams): 22Fernando Alonso (Aston Martin): 76Kimi Antonelli (Mercedes): 62Oliver Bearman (Haas F1 Team): 41Gabriel Bortoleto (Kick Sauber): 23Valtteri Bottas (Alfa Romeo): 36Franco Colapinto (Alpine): 18Pierre Gasly (Alpine): 64Isack Hadjar (Racing Bulls): 82Lewis Hamilton (Mercedes): 77Nico Hulkenberg (Haas F1 Team): 48Nicholas Latifi (Williams): 3Liam Lawson (Racing Bulls): 51Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 67Kevin Magnussen (Haas F1 Team): 34Mick Schumacher (Haas F1 Team): 19Lando Norris (McLaren): 80Esteban Ocon (Alpine): 20Sergio Perez (Red Bull Racing): 45Oscar Piastri (McLaren): 83Daniel Ricciardo (McLaren): 71Carlos Sainz (Ferrari): 35Logan Sargeant (Williams): 28Lance Stroll (Aston Martin): 65Yuki Tsunoda (AlphaTauri): 87Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 56Sebastian Vettel (Aston Martin): 50Guanyu Zhou (Alfa Romeo): 54George Russell: 72

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

Starts braking 2.5 m later than the field median.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

2022202320242025
2022 Sakhir: 0.002022 Jeddah: -0.192022 Melbourne: +0.522022 Imola: +0.052022 Miami: +0.042022 Barcelona: -0.022022 Monaco: +0.302022 Baku: -0.242022 Montréal: no usable session2022 Spielberg: +0.692022 Le Castellet: +0.232022 Budapest: +0.122022 Spa-Francorchamps: -0.072022 Zandvoort: +0.192022 Monza: -0.222022 Marina Bay: no usable session2022 Suzuka: +0.672022 Austin: +0.292022 Mexico City: +0.012022 São Paulo: +0.492022 Yas Island: +0.292023 Sakhir: -0.102023 Jeddah: -0.082023 Melbourne: +0.292023 Baku: +0.012023 Miami: -0.382023 Monte Carlo: +0.112023 Catalunya: -0.072023 Montreal: no usable session2023 Spielberg: +0.092023 Silverstone: +0.032023 Hungaroring: -0.062023 Spa-Francorchamps: +1.012023 Zandvoort: no usable session2023 Monza: +0.292023 Singapore: -0.112023 Suzuka: +0.672023 Lusail: +0.322023 Austin: +0.112023 Mexico City: +0.062023 Interlagos: +0.392023 Las Vegas: +0.122023 Yas Marina Circuit: -0.062024 Sakhir: +0.472024 Jeddah: +0.032024 Melbourne: +0.452024 Suzuka: +0.712024 Shanghai: -0.072024 Miami: -0.222024 Imola: +0.262024 Monte Carlo: -0.052024 Montreal: +0.222024 Catalunya: -0.172024 Spielberg: -0.022024 Silverstone: +0.262024 Hungaroring: -0.582024 Spa-Francorchamps: no usable session2024 Zandvoort: +0.042024 Monza: +0.352024 Baku: +0.752024 Singapore: -0.152024 Austin: -0.212024 Mexico City: +0.162024 Las Vegas: +1.032024 Lusail: 0.002024 Yas Marina Circuit: +0.592025 Melbourne: +0.032025 Shanghai: +0.772025 Suzuka: +0.062025 Sakhir: +0.612025 Jeddah: +0.412025 Miami: no usable session2025 Imola: +0.382025 Monte Carlo: +0.362025 Catalunya: +0.102025 Montreal: +0.422025 Spielberg: -0.202025 Silverstone: +0.162025 Spa-Francorchamps: +0.062025 Hungaroring: -0.062025 Zandvoort: -0.282025 Monza: +0.402025 Baku: no usable session2025 Singapore: -0.092025 Austin: +0.412025 Mexico City: -0.112025 Interlagos: +0.132025 Las Vegas: no usable session2025 Lusail: -0.222025 Yas Marina Circuit: +0.03

82 SESSIONS · 1499 LAP-CORNERS · MINIMUM 5 QUALIFYING SESSIONS AND 150 LAP-CORNERS

CONSISTENCY

CLEAN RACE LAPS · PER STINT

How much clean lap times vary within a stint once the tyre-wear trend is removed.

93/ 100
RANK 2 OF 31 · GROUND EFFECT FIELD
90% RANGE 87–98

Higher means: Smaller lap-to-lap variation than the field in the same race.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Williams): 62Fernando Alonso (Aston Martin): 38Kimi Antonelli (Mercedes): 81Oliver Bearman (Haas F1 Team): 36Gabriel Bortoleto (Kick Sauber): 25Valtteri Bottas (Alfa Romeo): 21Franco Colapinto (Alpine): 39Nyck De Vries (AlphaTauri): 33Jack Doohan (Alpine): 9Pierre Gasly (Alpine): 79Isack Hadjar (Racing Bulls): 55Lewis Hamilton (Mercedes): 46Nico Hulkenberg (Haas F1 Team): 19Nicholas Latifi (Williams): 5Liam Lawson (Racing Bulls): 70Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 72Kevin Magnussen (Haas F1 Team): 11Mick Schumacher (Haas F1 Team): 13Lando Norris (McLaren): 75Esteban Ocon (Alpine): 83Sergio Perez (Red Bull Racing): 52Oscar Piastri (McLaren): 56Daniel Ricciardo (McLaren): 31Carlos Sainz (Ferrari): 89Logan Sargeant (Williams): 16Lance Stroll (Aston Martin): 68Yuki Tsunoda (AlphaTauri): 42Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 97Sebastian Vettel (Aston Martin): 78Guanyu Zhou (Alfa Romeo): 20George Russell: 93

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

Lap times scatter 0.262 s around the stint trend, 0.018 s tighter than the field median.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

2022202320242025
2022 Sakhir: +0.122022 Jeddah: +0.712022 Melbourne: -0.012022 Imola: -0.082022 Miami: -0.592022 Barcelona: +0.042022 Monaco: -2.342022 Baku: +0.732022 Montréal: -0.072022 Spielberg: +1.562022 Le Castellet: -0.052022 Budapest: -0.122022 Spa-Francorchamps: +0.472022 Zandvoort: -0.042022 Monza: -0.242022 Marina Bay: no usable session2022 Suzuka: no usable session2022 Austin: -0.362022 Mexico City: +0.012022 São Paulo: +0.332022 Yas Island: -0.972023 Sakhir: +0.372023 Jeddah: +0.492023 Melbourne: no usable session2023 Baku: 0.002023 Miami: -0.032023 Monte Carlo: +0.692023 Catalunya: -0.142023 Montreal: -0.492023 Spielberg: -0.172023 Silverstone: +0.912023 Hungaroring: -0.932023 Spa-Francorchamps: +1.252023 Zandvoort: +0.292023 Monza: +0.602023 Singapore: +0.162023 Suzuka: +0.182023 Lusail: -0.022023 Austin: +0.402023 Mexico City: +0.242023 Interlagos: +0.822023 Las Vegas: +0.382023 Yas Marina Circuit: -0.342024 Sakhir: -0.632024 Jeddah: no usable session2024 Melbourne: +0.122024 Suzuka: -0.792024 Shanghai: +0.602024 Miami: -0.272024 Imola: +0.232024 Monte Carlo: +0.852024 Montreal: no usable session2024 Catalunya: -0.212024 Spielberg: -0.052024 Silverstone: +0.532024 Hungaroring: -0.232024 Spa-Francorchamps: -0.192024 Zandvoort: +0.422024 Monza: +0.552024 Baku: +0.902024 Singapore: +0.452024 Austin: +0.482024 Mexico City: -0.462024 Las Vegas: +0.052024 Lusail: +0.552024 Yas Marina Circuit: +1.132025 Melbourne: no usable session2025 Shanghai: +1.212025 Suzuka: -1.292025 Sakhir: +0.932025 Jeddah: -0.122025 Miami: +0.782025 Imola: -0.612025 Monte Carlo: +0.822025 Catalunya: -0.392025 Montreal: +0.562025 Spielberg: -0.092025 Silverstone: +0.012025 Spa-Francorchamps: +0.612025 Hungaroring: +0.342025 Zandvoort: +0.162025 Monza: -1.042025 Baku: +0.482025 Singapore: +0.212025 Austin: +0.452025 Mexico City: +0.872025 Interlagos: +0.972025 Las Vegas: +0.412025 Lusail: no usable session2025 Yas Marina Circuit: +0.30

83 SESSIONS · 174 STINTS · MINIMUM 5 RACES AND 8 STINTS

STEERING SMOOTHNESS

NEEDS ONBOARD VIDEO

How smoothly the driver steers through each corner.

PENDING

Not measured yet. No public feed carries steering angle; it will come from onboard video.

TEAMMATES

Same car, same sessions. Each cell is the average difference over the sessions they shared, in field-spread units: +0.30 means 0.3 of a typical field spread better on that axis. Qualifying H2H is the share of shared qualifying sessions where Russell's best lap was faster.

TEAMMATESHAREDQUALI H2HENTRYTYRE MGMTTHROTTLEBRAKINGCONSISTENCY
Lewis Hamilton123
61 Q · 62 R
59%+0.19+0.12+0.23-0.19+0.38
Kimi Antonelli43
21 Q · 22 R
91%+0.01-0.050.00+0.05+0.22

SESSION LOG

Every weekend in this era. Values are the difference from that session's field in field-spread units, green better and red worse. A dash means the session was skipped (wet, or no data) or the driver had no usable laps.

WEEKENDCIRCUITTEAMQ LAPSBRAKINGENTRYTHROTTLERACE LAPSCONSISTENCYTYRE MGMT
2022 R01SakhirMercedes20.00+0.35+0.3234+0.12-0.64
2022 R02JeddahMercedes3-0.19+0.56-0.1534+0.71+0.83
2022 R03MelbourneMercedes3+0.52+0.48+0.3036-0.01+1.29
2022 R04ImolaMercedes3+0.05+0.16-0.1541-0.08-0.34
2022 R05MiamiMercedes3+0.04-0.17+0.4133-0.59+0.87
2022 R06BarcelonaMercedes3-0.02+0.22+0.2657+0.04-0.78
2022 R07MonacoMercedes3+0.30+0.39-0.0729-2.34-0.67
2022 R08BakuMercedes3-0.24-0.25+0.4043+0.73-0.41
2022 R09MontréalMercedes————50-0.07+0.96
2022 R11SpielbergMercedes3+0.69+0.96+0.319+1.56+0.34
2022 R12Le CastelletMercedes3+0.23+0.10-0.0722-0.05-0.08
2022 R13BudapestMercedes2+0.12+0.93+0.1549-0.12-0.63
2022 R14Spa-FrancorchampsMercedes3-0.07-0.09-0.0326+0.47+0.05
2022 R15ZandvoortMercedes3+0.19+0.39+0.2439-0.04+0.06
2022 R16MonzaMercedes3-0.22+0.31+0.2438-0.24-0.25
2022 R17Marina BayMercedes————0——
2022 R18SuzukaMercedes3+0.67+0.48+0.10———
2022 R19AustinMercedes3+0.29+0.56+0.4124-0.36-0.64
2022 R20Mexico CityMercedes2+0.01+0.60+0.5761+0.01+0.24
2022 R21São PauloMercedes2+0.49+0.61+0.5751+0.33+0.68
2022 R22Yas IslandMercedes3+0.29+0.76+0.5637-0.97-0.21
2023 R01SakhirMercedes3-0.10-0.03+0.0428+0.37+0.64
2023 R02JeddahMercedes3-0.08+0.09+0.0639+0.49-0.03
2023 R03MelbourneMercedes3+0.29+0.61+0.410——
2023 R04BakuMercedes3+0.01+0.10+0.2890.00+0.06
2023 R05MiamiMercedes3-0.38+0.15+0.3931-0.03+0.46
2023 R06Monte CarloMercedes3+0.11-0.08-0.1442+0.69+1.09
2023 R07CatalunyaMercedes3-0.07-0.25+0.1849-0.14-0.16
2023 R08MontrealMercedes————9-0.49+1.89
2023 R09SpielbergMercedes3+0.09-0.10-0.1649-0.17+0.65
2023 R10SilverstoneMercedes1+0.03+0.53+0.0617+0.91-0.01
2023 R11HungaroringMercedes2-0.06-0.59-0.3449-0.93-0.12
2023 R12Spa-FrancorchampsMercedes1+1.01-0.75-0.0717+1.25+0.53
2023 R13ZandvoortMercedes————19+0.29+0.50
2023 R14MonzaMercedes3+0.29+0.51+0.3842+0.60+0.12
2023 R15SingaporeMercedes3-0.11+0.27+0.2021+0.16+0.22
2023 R16SuzukaMercedes3+0.67-0.10+0.1736+0.18+0.84
2023 R17LusailMercedes3+0.32+0.37+0.0228-0.02+0.06
2023 R18AustinMercedes3+0.11-0.13+0.2845+0.400.00
2023 R19Mexico CityMercedes3+0.06+0.33-0.2429+0.24-0.37
2023 R20InterlagosMercedes3+0.39+0.31+0.3221+0.82+1.79
2023 R21Las VegasMercedes3+0.12+0.13+0.396+0.38—
2023 R22Yas Marina CircuitMercedes3-0.06+0.52-0.1432-0.34+0.11
2024 R01SakhirMercedes3+0.47+0.40+0.3146-0.63+0.18
2024 R02JeddahMercedes3+0.03+0.100.000——
2024 R03MelbourneMercedes3+0.45+0.05+0.1028+0.12+0.63
2024 R04SuzukaMercedes3+0.71-0.22+0.2227-0.79-1.20
2024 R05ShanghaiMercedes2-0.07+0.14+0.2614+0.60+0.13
2024 R06MiamiMercedes3-0.22+0.26+0.0233-0.27-0.68
2024 R07ImolaMercedes3+0.26+0.74+0.0751+0.23-0.77
2024 R08Monte CarloMercedes2-0.05-0.02+0.4171+0.85+0.63
2024 R09MontrealMercedes3+0.22+0.46+0.280——
2024 R10CatalunyaMercedes3-0.17+0.19+0.3754-0.210.00
2024 R11SpielbergMercedes3-0.02+0.54+0.1263-0.05+0.04
2024 R12SilverstoneMercedes2+0.26+0.47+0.3621+0.53+0.10
2024 R13HungaroringMercedes2-0.58-0.60-0.1544-0.23-0.73
2024 R14Spa-FrancorchampsMercedes————23-0.19-0.20
2024 R15ZandvoortMercedes3+0.04+0.35+0.2262+0.42+0.70
2024 R16MonzaMercedes3+0.35+0.69+0.2623+0.55+1.04
2024 R17BakuMercedes3+0.75+0.48-0.1326+0.90+0.65
2024 R18SingaporeMercedes3-0.15-0.08+0.1052+0.45+0.46
2024 R19AustinMercedes3-0.21+0.02+0.3928+0.48+0.10
2024 R20Mexico CityMercedes3+0.16+0.75+0.0154-0.46-0.36
2024 R22Las VegasMercedes3+1.03+0.16+0.4645+0.05-0.09
2024 R23LusailMercedes30.00+0.47+0.0418+0.55-0.67
2024 R24Yas Marina CircuitMercedes3+0.590.000.0039+1.13-0.15
2025 R01MelbourneMercedes3+0.03+0.07-0.010——
2025 R02ShanghaiMercedes3+0.77-0.37+0.3045+1.21+0.25
2025 R03SuzukaMercedes3+0.06+0.44-0.0430-1.29+1.69
2025 R04SakhirMercedes3+0.61+0.47+0.2041+0.93+0.38
2025 R05JeddahMercedes3+0.41+0.47+0.3144-0.12-1.79
2025 R06MiamiMercedes————24+0.78+1.99
2025 R07ImolaMercedes3+0.38+0.54+0.0633-0.61+0.36
2025 R08Monte CarloMercedes1+0.36-0.77+0.1725+0.82+3.00
2025 R09CatalunyaMercedes3+0.10+0.37+0.2138-0.39-0.10
2025 R10MontrealMercedes3+0.42+0.12+0.6553+0.56+0.33
2025 R11SpielbergMercedes3-0.20+0.27+0.0850-0.09+0.22
2025 R12SilverstoneMercedes3+0.16-0.10-0.056+0.01—
2025 R13Spa-FrancorchampsMercedes3+0.06+0.13-0.6628+0.61-0.66
2025 R14HungaroringMercedes3-0.06+0.07+0.0254+0.34-0.77
2025 R15ZandvoortMercedes3-0.28+0.07+0.1439+0.16-0.87
2025 R16MonzaMercedes3+0.40+1.07+0.0430-1.04-1.25
2025 R17BakuMercedes————32+0.48-0.50
2025 R18SingaporeMercedes3-0.09+0.05-0.0457+0.21+0.06
2025 R19AustinMercedes3+0.41+0.13-0.0437+0.45-0.43
2025 R20Mexico CityMercedes3-0.11+0.45+0.0210+0.87+0.67
2025 R21InterlagosMercedes3+0.13-0.16-0.2653+0.97-0.47
2025 R22Las VegasMercedes————29+0.41-0.53
2025 R23LusailMercedes3-0.22+0.30-0.030——
2025 R24Yas Marina CircuitMercedes3+0.03+0.50-0.0942+0.30+0.53

HOW THIS IS CALCULATED

The definitions behind every number on this page. The full specification lives with the pipeline code (backend/pipeline/signature/SPEC.md).

REGULATION ERAS

An era is a period under one set of technical rules. When the rules change, every car brakes, turns and wears its tyres differently, so a driver's style relative to the field can shift too. Signatures are therefore computed separately for each era, and the driver page shows the most recent era with at least one scored axis. These eras are defined by the car rules, separate from the storytelling eras elsewhere on the site.

ERAWHAT DEFINES ITDATA IN THIS DATASET
LATE HYBRID
2018–2021
1.6-litre V6 turbo hybrid power units, used since 2014, in the wider, higher-downforce cars on wider tyres introduced in 2017.
The era starts in 2018, the first season of the official timing archive, although its car rules date from 2017.
2018–2021
30 drivers scored
GROUND EFFECT
2022–2025
THIS PAGE
Most downforce comes from two Venturi tunnels under the floor, with simplified wings and 18-inch low-profile tyres, so that cars can follow each other more closely.
2022–2025
31 drivers scored
ACTIVE AERO
2026 onwards
Front and rear wings switch between a corner mode and a low-drag straight mode, replacing DRS. Cars are shorter, narrower and lighter (768 kg), the floor tunnels are gone, and power is split roughly half and half between combustion and electric, with the MGU-H removed and fully sustainable fuel.
Energy recovery is a bigger part of each lap: drivers lift off before braking to recharge and cars harvest at full throttle at the end of straights. Throttle and braking traces reflect energy management as well as driving style.
2026
22 drivers scored

THE FIELD

Every measurement is a difference from the other cars in the same session. Comparing within a session cancels out the track, the weather, the tyre generation and the overall speed of that year's cars, which is what makes different weekends comparable. For each corner, or each race, the driver's value has the field median subtracted and is divided by the field's spread (a robust z-score, capped at ±3). A value of +1 means one typical field spread better than the median driver.

FROM LAPS TO A SCORE

  1. Pick the laps. Qualifying: up to 3 push laps per driver, within 1% of their own best and 107% of the fastest lap, on dry tyres, not deleted for track limits and not run under red or yellow flags. Race: clean laps only, meaning not lap 1, no pit laps, no safety car, virtual safety car, red or yellow flag, dry tyres, at least 1.5 s behind the car ahead, and within 107% of the driver's stint median.
  2. Measure.Corners are the slowest points of the session's fastest lap (dips of at least 25km/h). Every lap is mapped onto that lap's line, so all drivers' brake points and apexes share one distance scale. Full throttle means 98% pedal or more, and a lift is a drop of 10points. In the race, each stint's lap times are corrected for fuel (0.055 s per lap of fuel still on board) and fitted against tyre age: the slope is degradation (at least 8 clean laps), and the scatter around the line is consistency (at least 6).
  3. Compare with the field. Each corner needs at least 8 field laps; tyre degradation is compared on the same compound when at least 4 stints used it.
  4. Combine over the era. A weighted average of the session values. An axis is only scored with at least 5 qualifying sessions and 150 lap-corners, or 5 races and 8 stints; otherwise it stays empty rather than guessed.
  5. Rank.The 0–100 score is the driver-era's percentile among every driver-era in the dataset, so 50 is typical.
  6. Confidence.The driver's sessions are resampled 400 times and re-ranked. The 90% range runs from the 5th to the 95th percentile of those ranks, and confidence is 1 minus the average width of the ranges.

COMPARISON GROUPS

ERA AVG

The average of every driver scored in the same regulation era. It sits close to 50 on every axis: a typical driver.

ALL-TIME

The average of every driver-era in the dataset. Scores are ranks among those same driver-eras, so it sits at 50 on every axis by construction.

CHAMPIONS

World champions in the eras they won their titles, from the final standings of completed seasons. In the dataset: Lewis Hamilton (2018, 2019, 2020), Max Verstappen (2021, 2022, 2023, 2024), Lando Norris (2025).

TEAMMATES

The driver's teammates in this era, weighted by sessions shared. Same car, so this is the fairest comparison.

AXES

AXISMEASURESHIGHER MEANSDATA
STEERING SMOOTHNESSHow smoothly the driver steers through each corner.Not measured yet. No public feed carries steering angle; it will come from onboard video.NEEDS ONBOARD VIDEO
ENTRY AGGRESSIONSpeed as the driver comes off the brake, and the minimum speed through the corner.Carries more speed off the brake and through the slowest point.QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER
TYRE MANAGEMENTHow fast lap times drop off as the tyres age, corrected for fuel load.Loses less time per lap of tyre age than the field on the same compound.CLEAN RACE LAPS · PER STINT
THROTTLE APPLICATIONDistance from the slowest point of the corner to full throttle, and the number of throttle lifts in between.Reaches full throttle sooner after the apex, with fewer lifts.QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER
BRAKINGWhere the driver starts braking for each corner, and how long the braking zone lasts.Brakes later and over a shorter distance than the field.QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER
CONSISTENCYHow much clean lap times vary within a stint once the tyre-wear trend is removed.Smaller lap-to-lap variation than the field in the same race.CLEAN RACE LAPS · PER STINT

DATA AND COVERAGE

Source: Official F1 live-timing feed, read through TracingInsights' public FastF1 extraction (2018–2022) and the OpenF1 historical API (2023–2026). The feed gives car data (speed, throttle, brake on/off, gear) about 3.7 times a second, car positions, laps, tyre stints, gaps and race-control messages. It does not carry steering angle or brake pressure. 180 qualifying sessions and 186 races are scored.

SEASONWEEKENDSQUALIFYINGRACESNOT SCORED
20182120/2120/21
Australian qualifying: no race-control messages in the source, so flags cannot be applied
Australian race: no race-control messages in the source, so flags cannot be applied
20192121/2121/21—
20201715/1717/17
Styrian qualifying: wet
Turkish qualifying: wet
20212220/2222/22
Belgian qualifying: wet
Russian qualifying: mixed conditions, 6 drivers on dry tyres
20222220/2222/22
Canadian qualifying: wet
British qualifying: wet
20232221/2222/22
Dutch qualifying: mixed conditions, 9 drivers on dry tyres
20242422/2424/24
Belgian qualifying: wet
São Paulo qualifying: wet
20252422/2424/24
Azerbaijan qualifying: no lap data in the public feed
Las Vegas qualifying: wet
202619 (+4 still to run)19/1919/19—

KNOWN LIMITATIONS

  • The field includes faster and slower cars, so a driver in a quick car scores higher on car-sensitive measures such as minimum corner speed. The teammate comparison is where the car is held constant.
  • The braking point is not adjusted for approach speed: a driver who exits the previous corner faster arrives quicker and has to brake earlier. Braking describes style more than pace.
  • Tyre management cannot tell tyre wear apart from a driver deliberately controlling pace, so its ranges are wide.
  • From 2026, throttle and braking traces also reflect energy recovery (lifting before braking, harvesting at full throttle), not only driving style.
  • Steering smoothness needs steering angle, which no public feed carries. It is never estimated and will come from onboard video, along with seasons before 2018.

PIPELINE TIMING-0.1.0 · GENERATED 2026-11-02 · OFFICIAL F1 LIVE-TIMING FEED, READ THROUGH TRACINGINSIGHTS' PUBLIC FASTF1 EXTRACTION (2018–2022) AND THE OPENF1 HISTORICAL API (2023–2026)