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DRIVING SIGNATURE · FULL METRICS

George Russell

Active aero era (2026 onwards) · data from 2026 · Mercedes

LATE HYBRID · 2019–2021GROUND EFFECT · 2022–2025ACTIVE AERO · 2026

LAPS USED

616

QUALIFYING

19

RACES

18

AXES SCORED

5/6

CONFIDENCE

0.61

How this is calculated — the era, the field, the comparison groups and every threshold.

OVERVIEW

Each axis is a 0–100 rank among every driver-era in the dataset, built from differences to the same-session field. The 90% range is where nine in ten resampled scores land. Rank is within the active aero field.

STEERINGSMOOTHNESSPENDINGENTRY AGGRESSIONTYRE MANAGEMENTTHROTTLE APPLICATIONBRAKINGCONSISTENCY

DASHED: ERA AVG — The average of every driver scored in the same regulation era. It sits close to 50 on every axis: a typical driver.

AXISSCORE90% RANGERANKERA AVGALL-TIMECHAMPIONSTEAMMATES
STEERINGPENDING——————
ENTRY8883–934/2254509291
TYRE MGMT7018–946/2251505195
THROTTLE8360–937/2252507690
BRAKING5751–6910/2250507852
CONSISTENCY7736–957/2253508192

AXIS BY AXIS

What each axis measures, where the driver sits among this era's drivers, the raw differences behind the score, and how it moved from weekend to weekend.

ENTRY AGGRESSION

QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER

Speed as the driver comes off the brake, and the minimum speed through the corner.

88/ 100
RANK 4 OF 22 · ACTIVE AERO FIELD
90% RANGE 83–93

Higher means: Carries more speed off the brake and through the slowest point.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Williams): 9Fernando Alonso (Aston Martin): 14Kimi Antonelli (Mercedes): 91Oliver Bearman (Haas F1 Team): 56Gabriel Bortoleto (Audi): 62Valtteri Bottas (Cadillac): 7Franco Colapinto (Alpine): 39Pierre Gasly (Alpine): 60Isack Hadjar (Red Bull Racing): 75Lewis Hamilton (Ferrari): 86Nico Hulkenberg (Audi): 72Liam Lawson (Racing Bulls): 57Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 92Arvid Lindblad (Racing Bulls): 36Lando Norris (McLaren): 94Esteban Ocon (Haas F1 Team): 30Sergio Perez (Cadillac): 10Oscar Piastri (McLaren): 85Carlos Sainz (Williams): 18Lance Stroll (Aston Martin): 8Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 87George Russell: 88

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

3.3 km/h more speed as the brake comes off.

3.9 km/h higher minimum corner speed.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

2026
2026 Melbourne: +0.922026 Shanghai: +0.352026 Suzuka: +0.462026 Miami: +0.032026 Montreal: +0.072026 Monte Carlo: +0.302026 Catalunya: +0.712026 Spielberg: +1.392026 Silverstone: +0.582026 Spa-Francorchamps: +0.252026 Hungaroring: +0.102026 Zandvoort: +0.512026 Monza: +0.632026 Madring: +0.362026 Baku: +0.852026 Kuala Lumpur: +0.452026 Singapore: +0.032026 Austin: +0.782026 Mexico City: +0.60

19 SESSIONS · 373 LAP-CORNERS · MINIMUM 5 QUALIFYING SESSIONS AND 150 LAP-CORNERS

TYRE MANAGEMENT

CLEAN RACE LAPS · PER STINT

How fast lap times drop off as the tyres age, corrected for fuel load.

70/ 100
RANK 6 OF 22 · ACTIVE AERO FIELD
90% RANGE 18–94

Higher means: Loses less time per lap of tyre age than the field on the same compound.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Williams): 35Fernando Alonso (Aston Martin): 52Kimi Antonelli (Mercedes): 95Oliver Bearman (Haas F1 Team): 34Gabriel Bortoleto (Audi): 43Valtteri Bottas (Cadillac): 2Franco Colapinto (Alpine): 58Pierre Gasly (Alpine): 80Isack Hadjar (Red Bull Racing): 69Lewis Hamilton (Ferrari): 42Nico Hulkenberg (Audi): 99Liam Lawson (Racing Bulls): 92Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 40Arvid Lindblad (Racing Bulls): 62Lando Norris (McLaren): 37Esteban Ocon (Haas F1 Team): 3Sergio Perez (Cadillac): 25Oscar Piastri (McLaren): 29Carlos Sainz (Williams): 53Lance Stroll (Aston Martin): 24Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 82George Russell: 70

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

Loses 0.053 s per lap of tyre age after fuel correction, 0.005 s/lap less than the race median.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

2026
2026 Melbourne: +0.202026 Shanghai: -0.402026 Suzuka: no usable session2026 Miami: +1.842026 Montreal: -0.742026 Monte Carlo: +1.062026 Catalunya: -0.602026 Spielberg: -0.042026 Silverstone: -0.962026 Spa-Francorchamps: no usable session2026 Hungaroring: +0.262026 Zandvoort: -0.092026 Monza: +0.142026 Madring: +0.752026 Baku: +0.592026 Kuala Lumpur: -0.122026 Singapore: +1.042026 Austin: -2.032026 Mexico City: +0.05

17 SESSIONS · 31 STINTS · MINIMUM 5 RACES AND 8 STINTS

THROTTLE APPLICATION

QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER

Distance from the slowest point of the corner to full throttle, and the number of throttle lifts in between.

83/ 100
RANK 7 OF 22 · ACTIVE AERO FIELD
90% RANGE 60–93

Higher means: Reaches full throttle sooner after the apex, with fewer lifts.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Williams): 7Fernando Alonso (Aston Martin): 88Kimi Antonelli (Mercedes): 90Oliver Bearman (Haas F1 Team): 12Gabriel Bortoleto (Audi): 34Valtteri Bottas (Cadillac): 17Franco Colapinto (Alpine): 20Pierre Gasly (Alpine): 46Isack Hadjar (Red Bull Racing): 49Lewis Hamilton (Ferrari): 69Nico Hulkenberg (Audi): 25Liam Lawson (Racing Bulls): 43Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 85Arvid Lindblad (Racing Bulls): 93Lando Norris (McLaren): 78Esteban Ocon (Haas F1 Team): 19Sergio Perez (Cadillac): 33Oscar Piastri (McLaren): 24Carlos Sainz (Williams): 29Lance Stroll (Aston Martin): 96Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 92George Russell: 83

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

Reaches full throttle 6.5 m closer to the apex than the field median.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

2026
2026 Melbourne: +0.152026 Shanghai: +0.422026 Suzuka: +0.702026 Miami: +0.432026 Montreal: +0.252026 Monte Carlo: +0.152026 Catalunya: +0.602026 Spielberg: +0.962026 Silverstone: +0.212026 Spa-Francorchamps: -0.472026 Hungaroring: 0.002026 Zandvoort: +0.192026 Monza: -0.322026 Madring: +0.062026 Baku: 0.002026 Kuala Lumpur: +0.062026 Singapore: -0.242026 Austin: +0.352026 Mexico City: +0.32

19 SESSIONS · 344 LAP-CORNERS · MINIMUM 5 QUALIFYING SESSIONS AND 150 LAP-CORNERS

BRAKING

QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER

Where the driver starts braking for each corner, and how long the braking zone lasts.

57/ 100
RANK 10 OF 22 · ACTIVE AERO FIELD
90% RANGE 51–69

Higher means: Brakes later and over a shorter distance than the field.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Williams): 4Fernando Alonso (Aston Martin): 85Kimi Antonelli (Mercedes): 52Oliver Bearman (Haas F1 Team): 13Gabriel Bortoleto (Audi): 44Valtteri Bottas (Cadillac): 8Franco Colapinto (Alpine): 7Pierre Gasly (Alpine): 25Isack Hadjar (Red Bull Racing): 96Lewis Hamilton (Ferrari): 94Nico Hulkenberg (Audi): 75Liam Lawson (Racing Bulls): 39Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 98Arvid Lindblad (Racing Bulls): 40Lando Norris (McLaren): 93Esteban Ocon (Haas F1 Team): 17Sergio Perez (Cadillac): 12Oscar Piastri (McLaren): 69Carlos Sainz (Williams): 6Lance Stroll (Aston Martin): 81Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 91George Russell: 57

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

Starts braking 3.7 m earlier than the field median.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

2026
2026 Melbourne: -0.662026 Shanghai: +0.372026 Suzuka: -0.242026 Miami: +0.042026 Montreal: +0.242026 Monte Carlo: +0.172026 Catalunya: -0.152026 Spielberg: -0.762026 Silverstone: +0.062026 Spa-Francorchamps: +0.402026 Hungaroring: +0.312026 Zandvoort: +0.052026 Monza: +0.062026 Madring: +0.232026 Baku: +0.162026 Kuala Lumpur: +0.102026 Singapore: +0.092026 Austin: +0.212026 Mexico City: -0.10

19 SESSIONS · 326 LAP-CORNERS · MINIMUM 5 QUALIFYING SESSIONS AND 150 LAP-CORNERS

CONSISTENCY

CLEAN RACE LAPS · PER STINT

How much clean lap times vary within a stint once the tyre-wear trend is removed.

77/ 100
RANK 7 OF 22 · ACTIVE AERO FIELD
90% RANGE 36–95

Higher means: Smaller lap-to-lap variation than the field in the same race.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Williams): 23Fernando Alonso (Aston Martin): 10Kimi Antonelli (Mercedes): 92Oliver Bearman (Haas F1 Team): 54Gabriel Bortoleto (Audi): 69Valtteri Bottas (Cadillac): 8Franco Colapinto (Alpine): 37Pierre Gasly (Alpine): 74Isack Hadjar (Red Bull Racing): 43Lewis Hamilton (Ferrari): 91Nico Hulkenberg (Audi): 28Liam Lawson (Racing Bulls): 90Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 99Arvid Lindblad (Racing Bulls): 50Lando Norris (McLaren): 96Esteban Ocon (Haas F1 Team): 26Sergio Perez (Cadillac): 2Oscar Piastri (McLaren): 61Carlos Sainz (Williams): 27Lance Stroll (Aston Martin): 15Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 98George Russell: 77

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

Lap times scatter 0.341 s around the stint trend, 0.041 s looser than the field median.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

2026
2026 Melbourne: +0.242026 Shanghai: -1.142026 Suzuka: +0.122026 Miami: -0.672026 Montreal: -0.462026 Monte Carlo: -1.402026 Catalunya: +0.242026 Spielberg: +0.322026 Silverstone: +0.662026 Spa-Francorchamps: no usable session2026 Hungaroring: -0.202026 Zandvoort: +0.452026 Monza: +0.812026 Madring: -0.522026 Baku: -0.012026 Kuala Lumpur: -1.332026 Singapore: -0.512026 Austin: +0.812026 Mexico City: -0.20

18 SESSIONS · 32 STINTS · MINIMUM 5 RACES AND 8 STINTS

STEERING SMOOTHNESS

NEEDS ONBOARD VIDEO

How smoothly the driver steers through each corner.

PENDING

Not measured yet. No public feed carries steering angle; it will come from onboard video.

TEAMMATES

Same car, same sessions. Each cell is the average difference over the sessions they shared, in field-spread units: +0.30 means 0.3 of a typical field spread better on that axis. Qualifying H2H is the share of shared qualifying sessions where Russell's best lap was faster.

TEAMMATESHAREDQUALI H2HENTRYTYRE MGMTTHROTTLEBRAKINGCONSISTENCY
Kimi Antonelli37
19 Q · 18 R
37%-0.04-0.390.00+0.02-0.32

SESSION LOG

Every weekend in this era. Values are the difference from that session's field in field-spread units, green better and red worse. A dash means the session was skipped (wet, or no data) or the driver had no usable laps.

WEEKENDCIRCUITTEAMQ LAPSBRAKINGENTRYTHROTTLERACE LAPSCONSISTENCYTYRE MGMT
2026 R01MelbourneMercedes3-0.66+0.92+0.1534+0.24+0.20
2026 R02ShanghaiMercedes2+0.37+0.35+0.4227-1.14-0.40
2026 R03SuzukaMercedes3-0.24+0.46+0.706+0.12—
2026 R04MiamiMercedes3+0.04+0.03+0.4323-0.67+1.84
2026 R05MontrealMercedes2+0.24+0.07+0.2518-0.46-0.74
2026 R06Monte CarloMercedes2+0.17+0.30+0.1531-1.40+1.06
2026 R07CatalunyaMercedes3-0.15+0.71+0.6052+0.24-0.60
2026 R08SpielbergMercedes2-0.76+1.39+0.9658+0.32-0.04
2026 R09SilverstoneMercedes3+0.06+0.58+0.2126+0.66-0.96
2026 R10Spa-FrancorchampsMercedes3+0.40+0.25-0.47———
2026 R11HungaroringMercedes2+0.31+0.100.0045-0.20+0.26
2026 R12ZandvoortMercedes3+0.05+0.51+0.1941+0.45-0.09
2026 R13MonzaMercedes3+0.06+0.63-0.3234+0.81+0.14
2026 R14MadringMercedes3+0.23+0.36+0.0640-0.52+0.75
2026 R15BakuMercedes3+0.16+0.850.0036-0.01+0.59
2026 R16Kuala LumpurMercedes3+0.10+0.45+0.0621-1.33-0.12
2026 R17SingaporeMercedes3+0.09+0.03-0.2415-0.51+1.04
2026 R18AustinMercedes3+0.21+0.78+0.3524+0.81-2.03
2026 R19Mexico CityMercedes3-0.10+0.60+0.3233-0.20+0.05

HOW THIS IS CALCULATED

The definitions behind every number on this page. The full specification lives with the pipeline code (backend/pipeline/signature/SPEC.md).

REGULATION ERAS

An era is a period under one set of technical rules. When the rules change, every car brakes, turns and wears its tyres differently, so a driver's style relative to the field can shift too. Signatures are therefore computed separately for each era, and the driver page shows the most recent era with at least one scored axis. These eras are defined by the car rules, separate from the storytelling eras elsewhere on the site.

ERAWHAT DEFINES ITDATA IN THIS DATASET
LATE HYBRID
2018–2021
1.6-litre V6 turbo hybrid power units, used since 2014, in the wider, higher-downforce cars on wider tyres introduced in 2017.
The era starts in 2018, the first season of the official timing archive, although its car rules date from 2017.
2018–2021
30 drivers scored
GROUND EFFECT
2022–2025
Most downforce comes from two Venturi tunnels under the floor, with simplified wings and 18-inch low-profile tyres, so that cars can follow each other more closely.
2022–2025
31 drivers scored
ACTIVE AERO
2026 onwards
THIS PAGE
Front and rear wings switch between a corner mode and a low-drag straight mode, replacing DRS. Cars are shorter, narrower and lighter (768 kg), the floor tunnels are gone, and power is split roughly half and half between combustion and electric, with the MGU-H removed and fully sustainable fuel.
Energy recovery is a bigger part of each lap: drivers lift off before braking to recharge and cars harvest at full throttle at the end of straights. Throttle and braking traces reflect energy management as well as driving style.
2026
22 drivers scored

THE FIELD

Every measurement is a difference from the other cars in the same session. Comparing within a session cancels out the track, the weather, the tyre generation and the overall speed of that year's cars, which is what makes different weekends comparable. For each corner, or each race, the driver's value has the field median subtracted and is divided by the field's spread (a robust z-score, capped at ±3). A value of +1 means one typical field spread better than the median driver.

FROM LAPS TO A SCORE

  1. Pick the laps. Qualifying: up to 3 push laps per driver, within 1% of their own best and 107% of the fastest lap, on dry tyres, not deleted for track limits and not run under red or yellow flags. Race: clean laps only, meaning not lap 1, no pit laps, no safety car, virtual safety car, red or yellow flag, dry tyres, at least 1.5 s behind the car ahead, and within 107% of the driver's stint median.
  2. Measure.Corners are the slowest points of the session's fastest lap (dips of at least 25km/h). Every lap is mapped onto that lap's line, so all drivers' brake points and apexes share one distance scale. Full throttle means 98% pedal or more, and a lift is a drop of 10points. In the race, each stint's lap times are corrected for fuel (0.055 s per lap of fuel still on board) and fitted against tyre age: the slope is degradation (at least 8 clean laps), and the scatter around the line is consistency (at least 6).
  3. Compare with the field. Each corner needs at least 8 field laps; tyre degradation is compared on the same compound when at least 4 stints used it.
  4. Combine over the era. A weighted average of the session values. An axis is only scored with at least 5 qualifying sessions and 150 lap-corners, or 5 races and 8 stints; otherwise it stays empty rather than guessed.
  5. Rank.The 0–100 score is the driver-era's percentile among every driver-era in the dataset, so 50 is typical.
  6. Confidence.The driver's sessions are resampled 400 times and re-ranked. The 90% range runs from the 5th to the 95th percentile of those ranks, and confidence is 1 minus the average width of the ranges.

COMPARISON GROUPS

ERA AVG

The average of every driver scored in the same regulation era. It sits close to 50 on every axis: a typical driver.

ALL-TIME

The average of every driver-era in the dataset. Scores are ranks among those same driver-eras, so it sits at 50 on every axis by construction.

CHAMPIONS

World champions in the eras they won their titles, from the final standings of completed seasons. In the dataset: Lewis Hamilton (2018, 2019, 2020), Max Verstappen (2021, 2022, 2023, 2024), Lando Norris (2025).

TEAMMATES

The driver's teammates in this era, weighted by sessions shared. Same car, so this is the fairest comparison.

AXES

AXISMEASURESHIGHER MEANSDATA
STEERING SMOOTHNESSHow smoothly the driver steers through each corner.Not measured yet. No public feed carries steering angle; it will come from onboard video.NEEDS ONBOARD VIDEO
ENTRY AGGRESSIONSpeed as the driver comes off the brake, and the minimum speed through the corner.Carries more speed off the brake and through the slowest point.QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER
TYRE MANAGEMENTHow fast lap times drop off as the tyres age, corrected for fuel load.Loses less time per lap of tyre age than the field on the same compound.CLEAN RACE LAPS · PER STINT
THROTTLE APPLICATIONDistance from the slowest point of the corner to full throttle, and the number of throttle lifts in between.Reaches full throttle sooner after the apex, with fewer lifts.QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER
BRAKINGWhere the driver starts braking for each corner, and how long the braking zone lasts.Brakes later and over a shorter distance than the field.QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER
CONSISTENCYHow much clean lap times vary within a stint once the tyre-wear trend is removed.Smaller lap-to-lap variation than the field in the same race.CLEAN RACE LAPS · PER STINT

DATA AND COVERAGE

Source: Official F1 live-timing feed, read through TracingInsights' public FastF1 extraction (2018–2022) and the OpenF1 historical API (2023–2026). The feed gives car data (speed, throttle, brake on/off, gear) about 3.7 times a second, car positions, laps, tyre stints, gaps and race-control messages. It does not carry steering angle or brake pressure. 180 qualifying sessions and 186 races are scored.

SEASONWEEKENDSQUALIFYINGRACESNOT SCORED
20182120/2120/21
Australian qualifying: no race-control messages in the source, so flags cannot be applied
Australian race: no race-control messages in the source, so flags cannot be applied
20192121/2121/21—
20201715/1717/17
Styrian qualifying: wet
Turkish qualifying: wet
20212220/2222/22
Belgian qualifying: wet
Russian qualifying: mixed conditions, 6 drivers on dry tyres
20222220/2222/22
Canadian qualifying: wet
British qualifying: wet
20232221/2222/22
Dutch qualifying: mixed conditions, 9 drivers on dry tyres
20242422/2424/24
Belgian qualifying: wet
São Paulo qualifying: wet
20252422/2424/24
Azerbaijan qualifying: no lap data in the public feed
Las Vegas qualifying: wet
202619 (+4 still to run)19/1919/19—

KNOWN LIMITATIONS

  • The field includes faster and slower cars, so a driver in a quick car scores higher on car-sensitive measures such as minimum corner speed. The teammate comparison is where the car is held constant.
  • The braking point is not adjusted for approach speed: a driver who exits the previous corner faster arrives quicker and has to brake earlier. Braking describes style more than pace.
  • Tyre management cannot tell tyre wear apart from a driver deliberately controlling pace, so its ranges are wide.
  • From 2026, throttle and braking traces also reflect energy recovery (lifting before braking, harvesting at full throttle), not only driving style.
  • Steering smoothness needs steering angle, which no public feed carries. It is never estimated and will come from onboard video, along with seasons before 2018.

PIPELINE TIMING-0.1.0 · GENERATED 2026-11-02 · OFFICIAL F1 LIVE-TIMING FEED, READ THROUGH TRACINGINSIGHTS' PUBLIC FASTF1 EXTRACTION (2018–2022) AND THE OPENF1 HISTORICAL API (2023–2026)