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DRIVING SIGNATURE · FULL METRICS

George Russell

Late hybrid era (2018–2021) · data from 2019–2021 · Williams, Mercedes

LATE HYBRID · 2019–2021GROUND EFFECT · 2022–2025ACTIVE AERO · 2026

LAPS USED

1,999

QUALIFYING

56

RACES

56

AXES SCORED

5/6

CONFIDENCE

0.73

How this is calculated — the era, the field, the comparison groups and every threshold.

OVERVIEW

Each axis is a 0–100 rank among every driver-era in the dataset, built from differences to the same-session field. The 90% range is where nine in ten resampled scores land. Rank is within the late hybrid field.

STEERINGSMOOTHNESSPENDINGENTRY AGGRESSIONTYRE MANAGEMENTTHROTTLE APPLICATIONBRAKINGCONSISTENCY

DASHED: ERA AVG — The average of every driver scored in the same regulation era. It sits close to 50 on every axis: a typical driver.

AXISSCORE90% RANGERANKERA AVGALL-TIMECHAMPIONSTEAMMATES
STEERINGPENDING——————
ENTRY2215–2523/304750926
TYRE MGMT6424–8812/3053505136
THROTTLE3525–4721/3050507613
BRAKING2721–4023/3049507816
CONSISTENCY1710–2825/3049508111

AXIS BY AXIS

What each axis measures, where the driver sits among this era's drivers, the raw differences behind the score, and how it moved from weekend to weekend.

ENTRY AGGRESSION

QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER

Speed as the driver comes off the brake, and the minimum speed through the corner.

22/ 100
RANK 23 OF 30 · LATE HYBRID FIELD
90% RANGE 15–25

Higher means: Carries more speed off the brake and through the slowest point.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Red Bull Racing): 77Fernando Alonso (Alpine): 40Valtteri Bottas (Mercedes): 99Marcus Ericsson (Sauber): 65Pierre Gasly (AlphaTauri): 81Antonio Giovinazzi (Alfa Romeo Racing): 33Romain Grosjean (Haas F1 Team): 25Lewis Hamilton (Mercedes): 98Brendon Hartley (Toro Rosso): 46Nico Hulkenberg (Renault): 73Robert Kubica (Williams): 1Daniil Kvyat (Toro Rosso): 44Nicholas Latifi (Williams): 6Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 59Kevin Magnussen (Haas F1 Team): 27Nikita Mazepin (Haas F1 Team): 2Mick Schumacher (Haas F1 Team): 13Lando Norris (McLaren): 67Esteban Ocon (Alpine): 49Sergio Perez (Racing Point): 45Kimi Räikkönen (Alfa Romeo Racing): 24Daniel Ricciardo (Renault): 90Carlos Sainz (McLaren): 52Sergey Sirotkin (Williams): 4Lance Stroll (Racing Point): 17Yuki Tsunoda (AlphaTauri): 61Stoffel Vandoorne (McLaren): 15Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 93Sebastian Vettel (Ferrari): 66George Russell: 22

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

3.3 km/h less speed as the brake comes off.

2.1 km/h lower minimum corner speed.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

201920202021
2019 Melbourne: -0.992019 Sakhir: -1.402019 Shanghai: -0.832019 Baku: -1.512019 Barcelona: -0.132019 Monte Carlo: -1.012019 Montréal: -1.112019 Le Castellet: -1.302019 Spielberg: -1.142019 Silverstone: -0.652019 Hockenheim: -0.762019 Budapest: -0.232019 Spa-Francorchamps: -0.622019 Monza: -0.292019 Singapore: -0.972019 Sochi: -0.402019 Suzuka: -0.572019 Mexico City: -1.172019 Austin: -0.892019 São Paulo: -0.862019 Yas Island: -0.652020 Spielberg: -0.722020 Spielberg: no usable session2020 Budapest: +0.522020 Silverstone: -0.082020 Silverstone: -0.062020 Barcelona: -0.132020 Spa-Francorchamps: -0.092020 Monza: -0.172020 Mugello: -0.562020 Sochi: -0.132020 Nürburgring: +0.022020 Portimão: 0.002020 Imola: +0.272020 Sakhir: -0.142020 Sakhir: +0.562020 Yas Island: -1.192021 Sakhir: -0.442021 Imola: -0.462021 Portimão: -0.132021 Barcelona: -0.082021 Monte Carlo: -0.532021 Baku: -0.512021 Le Castellet: -0.542021 Spielberg: -0.172021 Spielberg: -0.102021 Silverstone: -0.172021 Budapest: -0.832021 Zandvoort: -0.352021 Monza: -0.502021 Sochi: no usable session2021 Istanbul: -0.542021 Austin: -0.612021 Mexico City: -0.172021 São Paulo: -0.672021 Lusail: -0.162021 Jeddah: +0.142021 Yas Island: -0.91

56 SESSIONS · 926 LAP-CORNERS · MINIMUM 5 QUALIFYING SESSIONS AND 150 LAP-CORNERS

TYRE MANAGEMENT

CLEAN RACE LAPS · PER STINT

How fast lap times drop off as the tyres age, corrected for fuel load.

64/ 100
RANK 12 OF 30 · LATE HYBRID FIELD
90% RANGE 24–88

Higher means: Loses less time per lap of tyre age than the field on the same compound.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Red Bull Racing): 63Fernando Alonso (Alpine): 93Valtteri Bottas (Mercedes): 10Marcus Ericsson (Sauber): 84Pierre Gasly (AlphaTauri): 49Antonio Giovinazzi (Alfa Romeo Racing): 15Romain Grosjean (Haas F1 Team): 47Lewis Hamilton (Mercedes): 59Brendon Hartley (Toro Rosso): 79Nico Hulkenberg (Renault): 88Robert Kubica (Williams): 8Daniil Kvyat (Toro Rosso): 36Nicholas Latifi (Williams): 54Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 18Kevin Magnussen (Haas F1 Team): 75Nikita Mazepin (Haas F1 Team): 4Mick Schumacher (Haas F1 Team): 16Lando Norris (McLaren): 81Esteban Ocon (Alpine): 86Sergio Perez (Racing Point): 60Kimi Räikkönen (Alfa Romeo Racing): 46Daniel Ricciardo (Renault): 87Carlos Sainz (McLaren): 74Sergey Sirotkin (Williams): 9Lance Stroll (Racing Point): 26Yuki Tsunoda (AlphaTauri): 98Stoffel Vandoorne (McLaren): 91Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 38Sebastian Vettel (Ferrari): 20George Russell: 64

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

Loses 0.048 s per lap of tyre age after fuel correction, 0.003 s/lap more than the race median.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

201920202021
2019 Melbourne: -0.892019 Sakhir: +0.032019 Shanghai: -0.512019 Baku: +0.872019 Barcelona: -0.552019 Monte Carlo: +1.172019 Montréal: -0.092019 Le Castellet: +0.712019 Spielberg: +0.122019 Silverstone: -0.102019 Hockenheim: no usable session2019 Budapest: -0.252019 Spa-Francorchamps: -0.692019 Monza: +0.222019 Singapore: -0.522019 Sochi: -0.952019 Suzuka: -0.492019 Mexico City: +0.772019 Austin: -1.722019 São Paulo: 0.002019 Yas Island: +1.162020 Spielberg: +1.702020 Spielberg: -1.172020 Budapest: -0.232020 Silverstone: -0.802020 Silverstone: +0.132020 Barcelona: -0.372020 Spa-Francorchamps: no usable session2020 Monza: +1.352020 Mugello: -0.712020 Sochi: -1.092020 Nürburgring: no usable session2020 Portimão: +0.602020 Imola: +0.142020 Sakhir: +1.012020 Sakhir: -0.032020 Yas Island: +0.012021 Sakhir: +0.322021 Imola: no usable session2021 Portimão: -1.312021 Barcelona: -0.282021 Monte Carlo: -0.392021 Baku: +2.652021 Le Castellet: +0.322021 Spielberg: -2.322021 Spielberg: +0.242021 Silverstone: -0.152021 Budapest: +1.942021 Zandvoort: +0.822021 Monza: +1.122021 Sochi: +0.062021 Istanbul: no usable session2021 Austin: -0.522021 Mexico City: -0.272021 São Paulo: +0.532021 Lusail: -0.242021 Jeddah: no usable session2021 Yas Island: -0.71

52 SESSIONS · 88 STINTS · MINIMUM 5 RACES AND 8 STINTS

THROTTLE APPLICATION

QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER

Distance from the slowest point of the corner to full throttle, and the number of throttle lifts in between.

35/ 100
RANK 21 OF 30 · LATE HYBRID FIELD
90% RANGE 25–47

Higher means: Reaches full throttle sooner after the apex, with fewer lifts.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Red Bull Racing): 39Fernando Alonso (Alpine): 76Valtteri Bottas (Mercedes): 75Marcus Ericsson (Sauber): 61Pierre Gasly (AlphaTauri): 87Antonio Giovinazzi (Alfa Romeo Racing): 22Romain Grosjean (Haas F1 Team): 66Lewis Hamilton (Mercedes): 60Brendon Hartley (Toro Rosso): 73Nico Hulkenberg (Renault): 56Robert Kubica (Williams): 2Daniil Kvyat (Toro Rosso): 97Nicholas Latifi (Williams): 18Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 30Kevin Magnussen (Haas F1 Team): 27Nikita Mazepin (Haas F1 Team): 1Mick Schumacher (Haas F1 Team): 4Lando Norris (McLaren): 45Esteban Ocon (Alpine): 9Sergio Perez (Racing Point): 64Kimi Räikkönen (Alfa Romeo Racing): 36Daniel Ricciardo (Renault): 67Carlos Sainz (McLaren): 62Sergey Sirotkin (Williams): 13Lance Stroll (Racing Point): 57Yuki Tsunoda (AlphaTauri): 91Stoffel Vandoorne (McLaren): 70Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 94Sebastian Vettel (Ferrari): 54George Russell: 35

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

Reaches full throttle 3.1 m further from the apex than the field median.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

201920202021
2019 Melbourne: -0.102019 Sakhir: -0.922019 Shanghai: -0.382019 Baku: -0.262019 Barcelona: -0.652019 Monte Carlo: +0.102019 Montréal: +0.082019 Le Castellet: -0.192019 Spielberg: -0.542019 Silverstone: -0.132019 Hockenheim: -0.472019 Budapest: +0.442019 Spa-Francorchamps: -1.012019 Monza: -0.332019 Singapore: -0.242019 Sochi: -0.022019 Suzuka: +0.062019 Mexico City: +0.102019 Austin: -0.392019 São Paulo: -0.112019 Yas Island: -0.332020 Spielberg: -0.082020 Spielberg: no usable session2020 Budapest: +0.022020 Silverstone: +0.182020 Silverstone: +0.122020 Barcelona: +0.172020 Spa-Francorchamps: -0.072020 Monza: +0.012020 Mugello: +0.042020 Sochi: +0.042020 Nürburgring: -0.442020 Portimão: -0.402020 Imola: +0.222020 Sakhir: -0.022020 Sakhir: +0.392020 Yas Island: -0.212021 Sakhir: -0.392021 Imola: +0.152021 Portimão: +0.082021 Barcelona: -0.222021 Monte Carlo: +0.212021 Baku: -0.412021 Le Castellet: +0.282021 Spielberg: -0.192021 Spielberg: -0.012021 Silverstone: -0.072021 Budapest: +0.072021 Zandvoort: +0.102021 Monza: -0.082021 Sochi: no usable session2021 Istanbul: -0.082021 Austin: -0.372021 Mexico City: +0.312021 São Paulo: +0.072021 Lusail: -0.112021 Jeddah: +0.122021 Yas Island: -0.17

56 SESSIONS · 863 LAP-CORNERS · MINIMUM 5 QUALIFYING SESSIONS AND 150 LAP-CORNERS

BRAKING

QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER

Where the driver starts braking for each corner, and how long the braking zone lasts.

27/ 100
RANK 23 OF 30 · LATE HYBRID FIELD
90% RANGE 21–40

Higher means: Brakes later and over a shorter distance than the field.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Red Bull Racing): 38Fernando Alonso (Alpine): 60Valtteri Bottas (Mercedes): 86Marcus Ericsson (Sauber): 55Pierre Gasly (AlphaTauri): 90Antonio Giovinazzi (Alfa Romeo Racing): 29Romain Grosjean (Haas F1 Team): 61Lewis Hamilton (Mercedes): 97Brendon Hartley (Toro Rosso): 99Nico Hulkenberg (Renault): 46Robert Kubica (Williams): 14Daniil Kvyat (Toro Rosso): 70Nicholas Latifi (Williams): 15Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 59Kevin Magnussen (Haas F1 Team): 10Nikita Mazepin (Haas F1 Team): 1Mick Schumacher (Haas F1 Team): 2Lando Norris (McLaren): 88Esteban Ocon (Alpine): 24Sergio Perez (Racing Point): 31Kimi Räikkönen (Alfa Romeo Racing): 33Daniel Ricciardo (Renault): 73Carlos Sainz (McLaren): 49Sergey Sirotkin (Williams): 30Lance Stroll (Racing Point): 9Yuki Tsunoda (AlphaTauri): 92Stoffel Vandoorne (McLaren): 66Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 78Sebastian Vettel (Ferrari): 43George Russell: 27

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

Starts braking 0.5 m earlier than the field median.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

201920202021
2019 Melbourne: +0.332019 Sakhir: -0.342019 Shanghai: -0.262019 Baku: -0.172019 Barcelona: -0.232019 Monte Carlo: -0.442019 Montréal: -1.152019 Le Castellet: -0.342019 Spielberg: -0.712019 Silverstone: -0.052019 Hockenheim: -0.362019 Budapest: -0.232019 Spa-Francorchamps: +0.332019 Monza: -0.042019 Singapore: -0.572019 Sochi: -0.732019 Suzuka: +0.052019 Mexico City: -0.462019 Austin: -1.172019 São Paulo: +0.092019 Yas Island: +0.042020 Spielberg: -0.242020 Spielberg: no usable session2020 Budapest: -0.122020 Silverstone: -0.342020 Silverstone: -0.012020 Barcelona: -0.102020 Spa-Francorchamps: +0.692020 Monza: +0.472020 Mugello: -0.512020 Sochi: -0.332020 Nürburgring: -0.402020 Portimão: -0.312020 Imola: -0.252020 Sakhir: +0.082020 Sakhir: +0.212020 Yas Island: -0.752021 Sakhir: -0.952021 Imola: -0.362021 Portimão: +0.202021 Barcelona: -0.392021 Monte Carlo: +0.172021 Baku: +0.112021 Le Castellet: -0.602021 Spielberg: -0.252021 Spielberg: -0.522021 Silverstone: -0.302021 Budapest: -0.622021 Zandvoort: -0.452021 Monza: -0.402021 Sochi: no usable session2021 Istanbul: -0.112021 Austin: +0.152021 Mexico City: -0.202021 São Paulo: -0.362021 Lusail: -0.252021 Jeddah: -0.162021 Yas Island: -0.40

56 SESSIONS · 809 LAP-CORNERS · MINIMUM 5 QUALIFYING SESSIONS AND 150 LAP-CORNERS

CONSISTENCY

CLEAN RACE LAPS · PER STINT

How much clean lap times vary within a stint once the tyre-wear trend is removed.

17/ 100
RANK 25 OF 30 · LATE HYBRID FIELD
90% RANGE 10–28

Higher means: Smaller lap-to-lap variation than the field in the same race.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Red Bull Racing): 40Fernando Alonso (Alpine): 45Valtteri Bottas (Mercedes): 44Marcus Ericsson (Sauber): 22Pierre Gasly (AlphaTauri): 67Antonio Giovinazzi (Alfa Romeo Racing): 51Romain Grosjean (Haas F1 Team): 34Lewis Hamilton (Mercedes): 57Brendon Hartley (Toro Rosso): 30Nico Hulkenberg (Renault): 49Robert Kubica (Williams): 4Daniil Kvyat (Toro Rosso): 66Nicholas Latifi (Williams): 14Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 64Kevin Magnussen (Haas F1 Team): 32Nikita Mazepin (Haas F1 Team): 1Mick Schumacher (Haas F1 Team): 3Lando Norris (McLaren): 87Esteban Ocon (Alpine): 85Sergio Perez (Racing Point): 60Kimi Räikkönen (Alfa Romeo Racing): 48Daniel Ricciardo (Renault): 73Carlos Sainz (McLaren): 86Sergey Sirotkin (Williams): 7Lance Stroll (Racing Point): 63Yuki Tsunoda (AlphaTauri): 58Stoffel Vandoorne (McLaren): 80Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 95Sebastian Vettel (Ferrari): 84George Russell: 17

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

Lap times scatter 0.410 s around the stint trend, 0.102 s looser than the field median.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

201920202021
2019 Melbourne: +0.052019 Sakhir: -2.022019 Shanghai: -1.262019 Baku: -1.252019 Barcelona: -0.472019 Monte Carlo: -0.832019 Montréal: -0.792019 Le Castellet: -1.732019 Spielberg: -0.402019 Silverstone: +0.442019 Hockenheim: no usable session2019 Budapest: -0.682019 Spa-Francorchamps: -0.132019 Monza: -1.252019 Singapore: +0.822019 Sochi: -0.612019 Suzuka: -0.642019 Mexico City: -1.882019 Austin: -0.982019 São Paulo: +0.452019 Yas Island: -1.042020 Spielberg: -0.422020 Spielberg: -1.112020 Budapest: +0.302020 Silverstone: -1.942020 Silverstone: -0.722020 Barcelona: -1.052020 Spa-Francorchamps: no usable session2020 Monza: -1.612020 Mugello: -0.582020 Sochi: -1.982020 Nürburgring: no usable session2020 Portimão: -0.192020 Imola: +0.232020 Sakhir: +0.092020 Sakhir: +0.232020 Yas Island: -1.082021 Sakhir: -0.272021 Imola: no usable session2021 Portimão: -2.982021 Barcelona: -0.522021 Monte Carlo: +0.152021 Baku: -0.472021 Le Castellet: +0.122021 Spielberg: +1.312021 Spielberg: -1.072021 Silverstone: -0.352021 Budapest: +0.292021 Zandvoort: -0.162021 Monza: -1.702021 Sochi: -0.702021 Istanbul: no usable session2021 Austin: -0.892021 Mexico City: -2.662021 São Paulo: -0.752021 Lusail: -0.342021 Jeddah: no usable session2021 Yas Island: -3.00

52 SESSIONS · 96 STINTS · MINIMUM 5 RACES AND 8 STINTS

STEERING SMOOTHNESS

NEEDS ONBOARD VIDEO

How smoothly the driver steers through each corner.

PENDING

Not measured yet. No public feed carries steering angle; it will come from onboard video.

TEAMMATES

Same car, same sessions. Each cell is the average difference over the sessions they shared, in field-spread units: +0.30 means 0.3 of a typical field spread better on that axis. Qualifying H2H is the share of shared qualifying sessions where Russell's best lap was faster.

TEAMMATESHAREDQUALI H2HENTRYTYRE MGMTTHROTTLEBRAKINGCONSISTENCY
Nicholas Latifi65
33 Q · 32 R
91%+0.53+0.17+0.19+0.13-0.16
Robert Kubica39
18 Q · 21 R
100%+0.46+0.30+0.41+0.01+0.63
Valtteri Bottas2
1 Q · 1 R
0%+0.50-0.11+0.28+0.41+0.27

SESSION LOG

Every weekend in this era. Values are the difference from that session's field in field-spread units, green better and red worse. A dash means the session was skipped (wet, or no data) or the driver had no usable laps.

WEEKENDCIRCUITTEAMQ LAPSBRAKINGENTRYTHROTTLERACE LAPSCONSISTENCYTYRE MGMT
2019 R01MelbourneWilliams2+0.33-0.99-0.1047+0.05-0.89
2019 R02SakhirWilliams2-0.34-1.40-0.9229-2.02+0.03
2019 R03ShanghaiWilliams2-0.26-0.83-0.3837-1.26-0.51
2019 R04BakuWilliams1-0.17-1.51-0.2632-1.25+0.87
2019 R05BarcelonaWilliams1-0.23-0.13-0.6544-0.47-0.55
2019 R06Monte CarloWilliams2-0.44-1.01+0.1055-0.83+1.17
2019 R07MontréalWilliams2-1.15-1.11+0.0851-0.79-0.09
2019 R08Le CastelletWilliams2-0.34-1.30-0.1927-1.73+0.71
2019 R09SpielbergWilliams3-0.71-1.14-0.5460-0.40+0.12
2019 R10SilverstoneWilliams2-0.05-0.65-0.1334+0.44-0.10
2019 R11HockenheimWilliams3-0.36-0.76-0.470——
2019 R12BudapestWilliams1-0.23-0.23+0.4459-0.68-0.25
2019 R13Spa-FrancorchampsWilliams1+0.33-0.62-1.0119-0.13-0.69
2019 R14MonzaWilliams2-0.04-0.29-0.3334-1.25+0.22
2019 R15SingaporeWilliams2-0.57-0.97-0.2431+0.82-0.52
2019 R16SochiWilliams2-0.73-0.40-0.0219-0.61-0.95
2019 R17SuzukaWilliams2+0.05-0.57+0.0642-0.64-0.49
2019 R18Mexico CityWilliams3-0.46-1.17+0.1044-1.88+0.77
2019 R19AustinWilliams2-1.17-0.89-0.3936-0.98-1.72
2019 R20São PauloWilliams3+0.09-0.86-0.1125+0.450.00
2019 R21Yas IslandWilliams3+0.04-0.65-0.3336-1.04+1.16
2020 R01SpielbergWilliams3-0.24-0.72-0.0814-0.42+1.70
2020 R02SpielbergWilliams————37-1.11-1.17
2020 R03BudapestWilliams2-0.12+0.52+0.0227+0.30-0.23
2020 R04SilverstoneWilliams3-0.34-0.08+0.1816-1.94-0.80
2020 R05SilverstoneWilliams2-0.01-0.06+0.129-0.72+0.13
2020 R06BarcelonaWilliams2-0.10-0.13+0.1740-1.05-0.37
2020 R07Spa-FrancorchampsWilliams2+0.69-0.09-0.07———
2020 R08MonzaWilliams2+0.47-0.17+0.0111-1.61+1.35
2020 R09MugelloWilliams2-0.51-0.56+0.0429-0.58-0.71
2020 R10SochiWilliams2-0.33-0.13+0.0432-1.98-1.09
2020 R11NürburgringWilliams2-0.40+0.02-0.440——
2020 R12PortimãoWilliams3-0.310.00-0.4042-0.19+0.60
2020 R13ImolaWilliams3-0.25+0.27+0.2239+0.23+0.14
2020 R15SakhirWilliams1+0.08-0.14-0.0234+0.09+1.01
2020 R16SakhirMercedes3+0.21+0.56+0.3948+0.23-0.03
2020 R17Yas IslandWilliams2-0.75-1.19-0.2140-1.08+0.01
2021 R01SakhirWilliams1-0.95-0.44-0.3939-0.27+0.32
2021 R02ImolaWilliams3-0.36-0.46+0.150——
2021 R03PortimãoWilliams3+0.20-0.13+0.0847-2.98-1.31
2021 R04BarcelonaWilliams3-0.39-0.08-0.2237-0.52-0.28
2021 R05Monte CarloWilliams3+0.17-0.53+0.2163+0.15-0.39
2021 R06BakuWilliams2+0.11-0.51-0.4130-0.47+2.65
2021 R07Le CastelletWilliams2-0.60-0.54+0.2828+0.12+0.32
2021 R08SpielbergWilliams3-0.25-0.17-0.198+1.31-2.32
2021 R09SpielbergWilliams3-0.52-0.10-0.0148-1.07+0.24
2021 R10SilverstoneWilliams3-0.30-0.17-0.0727-0.35-0.15
2021 R11BudapestWilliams2-0.62-0.83+0.0754+0.29+1.94
2021 R13ZandvoortWilliams3-0.45-0.35+0.1049-0.16+0.82
2021 R14MonzaWilliams3-0.40-0.50-0.0820-1.70+1.12
2021 R15SochiWilliams————42-0.70+0.06
2021 R16IstanbulWilliams2-0.11-0.54-0.08———
2021 R17AustinWilliams1+0.15-0.61-0.3738-0.89-0.52
2021 R18Mexico CityWilliams2-0.20-0.17+0.3160-2.66-0.27
2021 R19São PauloWilliams3-0.36-0.67+0.0750-0.75+0.53
2021 R20LusailWilliams3-0.25-0.16-0.1135-0.34-0.24
2021 R21JeddahWilliams3-0.16+0.14+0.120——
2021 R22Yas IslandWilliams2-0.40-0.91-0.1718-3.00-0.71

HOW THIS IS CALCULATED

The definitions behind every number on this page. The full specification lives with the pipeline code (backend/pipeline/signature/SPEC.md).

REGULATION ERAS

An era is a period under one set of technical rules. When the rules change, every car brakes, turns and wears its tyres differently, so a driver's style relative to the field can shift too. Signatures are therefore computed separately for each era, and the driver page shows the most recent era with at least one scored axis. These eras are defined by the car rules, separate from the storytelling eras elsewhere on the site.

ERAWHAT DEFINES ITDATA IN THIS DATASET
LATE HYBRID
2018–2021
THIS PAGE
1.6-litre V6 turbo hybrid power units, used since 2014, in the wider, higher-downforce cars on wider tyres introduced in 2017.
The era starts in 2018, the first season of the official timing archive, although its car rules date from 2017.
2018–2021
30 drivers scored
GROUND EFFECT
2022–2025
Most downforce comes from two Venturi tunnels under the floor, with simplified wings and 18-inch low-profile tyres, so that cars can follow each other more closely.
2022–2025
31 drivers scored
ACTIVE AERO
2026 onwards
Front and rear wings switch between a corner mode and a low-drag straight mode, replacing DRS. Cars are shorter, narrower and lighter (768 kg), the floor tunnels are gone, and power is split roughly half and half between combustion and electric, with the MGU-H removed and fully sustainable fuel.
Energy recovery is a bigger part of each lap: drivers lift off before braking to recharge and cars harvest at full throttle at the end of straights. Throttle and braking traces reflect energy management as well as driving style.
2026
22 drivers scored

THE FIELD

Every measurement is a difference from the other cars in the same session. Comparing within a session cancels out the track, the weather, the tyre generation and the overall speed of that year's cars, which is what makes different weekends comparable. For each corner, or each race, the driver's value has the field median subtracted and is divided by the field's spread (a robust z-score, capped at ±3). A value of +1 means one typical field spread better than the median driver.

FROM LAPS TO A SCORE

  1. Pick the laps. Qualifying: up to 3 push laps per driver, within 1% of their own best and 107% of the fastest lap, on dry tyres, not deleted for track limits and not run under red or yellow flags. Race: clean laps only, meaning not lap 1, no pit laps, no safety car, virtual safety car, red or yellow flag, dry tyres, at least 1.5 s behind the car ahead, and within 107% of the driver's stint median.
  2. Measure.Corners are the slowest points of the session's fastest lap (dips of at least 25km/h). Every lap is mapped onto that lap's line, so all drivers' brake points and apexes share one distance scale. Full throttle means 98% pedal or more, and a lift is a drop of 10points. In the race, each stint's lap times are corrected for fuel (0.055 s per lap of fuel still on board) and fitted against tyre age: the slope is degradation (at least 8 clean laps), and the scatter around the line is consistency (at least 6).
  3. Compare with the field. Each corner needs at least 8 field laps; tyre degradation is compared on the same compound when at least 4 stints used it.
  4. Combine over the era. A weighted average of the session values. An axis is only scored with at least 5 qualifying sessions and 150 lap-corners, or 5 races and 8 stints; otherwise it stays empty rather than guessed.
  5. Rank.The 0–100 score is the driver-era's percentile among every driver-era in the dataset, so 50 is typical.
  6. Confidence.The driver's sessions are resampled 400 times and re-ranked. The 90% range runs from the 5th to the 95th percentile of those ranks, and confidence is 1 minus the average width of the ranges.

COMPARISON GROUPS

ERA AVG

The average of every driver scored in the same regulation era. It sits close to 50 on every axis: a typical driver.

ALL-TIME

The average of every driver-era in the dataset. Scores are ranks among those same driver-eras, so it sits at 50 on every axis by construction.

CHAMPIONS

World champions in the eras they won their titles, from the final standings of completed seasons. In the dataset: Lewis Hamilton (2018, 2019, 2020), Max Verstappen (2021, 2022, 2023, 2024), Lando Norris (2025).

TEAMMATES

The driver's teammates in this era, weighted by sessions shared. Same car, so this is the fairest comparison.

AXES

AXISMEASURESHIGHER MEANSDATA
STEERING SMOOTHNESSHow smoothly the driver steers through each corner.Not measured yet. No public feed carries steering angle; it will come from onboard video.NEEDS ONBOARD VIDEO
ENTRY AGGRESSIONSpeed as the driver comes off the brake, and the minimum speed through the corner.Carries more speed off the brake and through the slowest point.QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER
TYRE MANAGEMENTHow fast lap times drop off as the tyres age, corrected for fuel load.Loses less time per lap of tyre age than the field on the same compound.CLEAN RACE LAPS · PER STINT
THROTTLE APPLICATIONDistance from the slowest point of the corner to full throttle, and the number of throttle lifts in between.Reaches full throttle sooner after the apex, with fewer lifts.QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER
BRAKINGWhere the driver starts braking for each corner, and how long the braking zone lasts.Brakes later and over a shorter distance than the field.QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER
CONSISTENCYHow much clean lap times vary within a stint once the tyre-wear trend is removed.Smaller lap-to-lap variation than the field in the same race.CLEAN RACE LAPS · PER STINT

DATA AND COVERAGE

Source: Official F1 live-timing feed, read through TracingInsights' public FastF1 extraction (2018–2022) and the OpenF1 historical API (2023–2026). The feed gives car data (speed, throttle, brake on/off, gear) about 3.7 times a second, car positions, laps, tyre stints, gaps and race-control messages. It does not carry steering angle or brake pressure. 180 qualifying sessions and 186 races are scored.

SEASONWEEKENDSQUALIFYINGRACESNOT SCORED
20182120/2120/21
Australian qualifying: no race-control messages in the source, so flags cannot be applied
Australian race: no race-control messages in the source, so flags cannot be applied
20192121/2121/21—
20201715/1717/17
Styrian qualifying: wet
Turkish qualifying: wet
20212220/2222/22
Belgian qualifying: wet
Russian qualifying: mixed conditions, 6 drivers on dry tyres
20222220/2222/22
Canadian qualifying: wet
British qualifying: wet
20232221/2222/22
Dutch qualifying: mixed conditions, 9 drivers on dry tyres
20242422/2424/24
Belgian qualifying: wet
São Paulo qualifying: wet
20252422/2424/24
Azerbaijan qualifying: no lap data in the public feed
Las Vegas qualifying: wet
202619 (+4 still to run)19/1919/19—

KNOWN LIMITATIONS

  • The field includes faster and slower cars, so a driver in a quick car scores higher on car-sensitive measures such as minimum corner speed. The teammate comparison is where the car is held constant.
  • The braking point is not adjusted for approach speed: a driver who exits the previous corner faster arrives quicker and has to brake earlier. Braking describes style more than pace.
  • Tyre management cannot tell tyre wear apart from a driver deliberately controlling pace, so its ranges are wide.
  • From 2026, throttle and braking traces also reflect energy recovery (lifting before braking, harvesting at full throttle), not only driving style.
  • Steering smoothness needs steering angle, which no public feed carries. It is never estimated and will come from onboard video, along with seasons before 2018.

PIPELINE TIMING-0.1.0 · GENERATED 2026-11-02 · OFFICIAL F1 LIVE-TIMING FEED, READ THROUGH TRACINGINSIGHTS' PUBLIC FASTF1 EXTRACTION (2018–2022) AND THE OPENF1 HISTORICAL API (2023–2026)