f(x)
f(1)/DRIVERS/HULKENBERG/SIGNATURE
← DRIVER PAGE

DRIVING SIGNATURE · FULL METRICS

Nico Hulkenberg

Ground effect era (2022–2025) · data from 2022–2025 · Haas F1 Team, Kick Sauber, Aston Martin

LATE HYBRID · 2018–2020GROUND EFFECT · 2022–2025ACTIVE AERO · 2026

LAPS USED

2,074

QUALIFYING

66

RACES

66

AXES SCORED

5/6

CONFIDENCE

0.78

How this is calculated — the era, the field, the comparison groups and every threshold.

OVERVIEW

Each axis is a 0–100 rank among every driver-era in the dataset, built from differences to the same-session field. The 90% range is where nine in ten resampled scores land. Rank is within the ground effect field.

STEERINGSMOOTHNESSPENDINGENTRY AGGRESSIONTYRE MANAGEMENTTHROTTLE APPLICATIONBRAKINGCONSISTENCY

DASHED: ERA AVG — The average of every driver scored in the same regulation era. It sits close to 50 on every axis: a typical driver.

AXISSCORE90% RANGERANKERA AVGALL-TIMECHAMPIONSTEAMMATES
STEERINGPENDING——————
ENTRY3527–4420/2951509223
TYRE MGMT237–5622/3047505116
THROTTLE4841–5916/2949507649
BRAKING4843–5317/2951507832
CONSISTENCY1910–2526/3149508118

AXIS BY AXIS

What each axis measures, where the driver sits among this era's drivers, the raw differences behind the score, and how it moved from weekend to weekend.

ENTRY AGGRESSION

QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER

Speed as the driver comes off the brake, and the minimum speed through the corner.

35/ 100
RANK 20 OF 29 · GROUND EFFECT FIELD
90% RANGE 27–44

Higher means: Carries more speed off the brake and through the slowest point.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Williams): 29Fernando Alonso (Aston Martin): 41Kimi Antonelli (Mercedes): 78Oliver Bearman (Haas F1 Team): 51Gabriel Bortoleto (Kick Sauber): 12Valtteri Bottas (Alfa Romeo): 31Franco Colapinto (Alpine): 38Pierre Gasly (Alpine): 82Isack Hadjar (Racing Bulls): 71Lewis Hamilton (Mercedes): 55Nicholas Latifi (Williams): 3Liam Lawson (Racing Bulls): 50Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 83Kevin Magnussen (Haas F1 Team): 28Mick Schumacher (Haas F1 Team): 64Lando Norris (McLaren): 97Esteban Ocon (Alpine): 34Sergio Perez (Red Bull Racing): 70Oscar Piastri (McLaren): 96Daniel Ricciardo (McLaren): 69George Russell (Mercedes): 76Carlos Sainz (Ferrari): 54Logan Sargeant (Williams): 20Lance Stroll (Aston Martin): 19Yuki Tsunoda (AlphaTauri): 48Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 80Sebastian Vettel (Aston Martin): 43Guanyu Zhou (Alfa Romeo): 23Nico Hulkenberg: 35

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

1.2 km/h less speed as the brake comes off.

2.1 km/h lower minimum corner speed.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

2022202320242025
2022 Sakhir: -0.262022 Jeddah: -1.032023 Sakhir: +0.132023 Jeddah: -0.832023 Melbourne: +0.032023 Baku: -0.672023 Miami: +0.162023 Monte Carlo: -0.542023 Catalunya: -0.062023 Montreal: +0.302023 Spielberg: +0.132023 Silverstone: -0.082023 Hungaroring: +0.212023 Spa-Francorchamps: no usable session2023 Zandvoort: no usable session2023 Monza: -0.082023 Singapore: +0.192023 Suzuka: -0.642023 Lusail: -0.242023 Austin: -0.452023 Mexico City: -0.642023 Interlagos: +0.422023 Las Vegas: -0.232023 Yas Marina Circuit: +0.312024 Sakhir: -0.522024 Jeddah: -0.782024 Melbourne: -1.122024 Suzuka: -0.832024 Shanghai: -0.392024 Miami: -0.392024 Imola: -0.452024 Monte Carlo: -0.562024 Montreal: -0.542024 Catalunya: -0.712024 Spielberg: -0.322024 Silverstone: +0.312024 Hungaroring: -0.432024 Spa-Francorchamps: no usable session2024 Zandvoort: -0.182024 Monza: -0.272024 Baku: -0.462024 Singapore: -0.092024 Austin: +0.372024 Mexico City: -0.152024 Las Vegas: -0.112024 Lusail: -0.812024 Yas Marina Circuit: +0.422025 Melbourne: -1.042025 Shanghai: -0.242025 Suzuka: -1.142025 Sakhir: -0.612025 Jeddah: -1.162025 Miami: -0.932025 Imola: -0.592025 Monte Carlo: -0.022025 Catalunya: -0.612025 Montreal: +0.072025 Spielberg: -0.162025 Silverstone: -0.712025 Spa-Francorchamps: -0.252025 Hungaroring: -0.322025 Zandvoort: -0.552025 Monza: -0.932025 Baku: no usable session2025 Singapore: -0.022025 Austin: +0.132025 Mexico City: +0.192025 Interlagos: +0.372025 Las Vegas: no usable session2025 Lusail: +0.102025 Yas Marina Circuit: -0.03

66 SESSIONS · 1249 LAP-CORNERS · MINIMUM 5 QUALIFYING SESSIONS AND 150 LAP-CORNERS

TYRE MANAGEMENT

CLEAN RACE LAPS · PER STINT

How fast lap times drop off as the tyres age, corrected for fuel load.

23/ 100
RANK 22 OF 30 · GROUND EFFECT FIELD
90% RANGE 7–56

Higher means: Loses less time per lap of tyre age than the field on the same compound.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Williams): 65Fernando Alonso (Aston Martin): 96Kimi Antonelli (Mercedes): 85Oliver Bearman (Haas F1 Team): 90Gabriel Bortoleto (Kick Sauber): 5Valtteri Bottas (Alfa Romeo): 14Franco Colapinto (Alpine): 21Nyck De Vries (AlphaTauri): 12Pierre Gasly (Alpine): 27Isack Hadjar (Racing Bulls): 51Lewis Hamilton (Mercedes): 55Nicholas Latifi (Williams): 7Liam Lawson (Racing Bulls): 76Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 41Kevin Magnussen (Haas F1 Team): 19Mick Schumacher (Haas F1 Team): 32Lando Norris (McLaren): 57Esteban Ocon (Alpine): 66Sergio Perez (Red Bull Racing): 13Oscar Piastri (McLaren): 77Daniel Ricciardo (McLaren): 73George Russell (Mercedes): 71Carlos Sainz (Ferrari): 68Logan Sargeant (Williams): 1Lance Stroll (Aston Martin): 30Yuki Tsunoda (AlphaTauri): 45Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 48Sebastian Vettel (Aston Martin): 97Guanyu Zhou (Alfa Romeo): 31Nico Hulkenberg: 23

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

Loses 0.063 s per lap of tyre age after fuel correction, 0.010 s/lap more than the race median.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

2022202320242025
2022 Sakhir: -1.772022 Jeddah: -0.202023 Sakhir: -0.852023 Jeddah: +0.672023 Melbourne: -3.002023 Baku: no usable session2023 Miami: +2.262023 Monte Carlo: 0.002023 Catalunya: -0.852023 Montreal: -0.862023 Spielberg: no usable session2023 Silverstone: 0.002023 Hungaroring: -0.392023 Spa-Francorchamps: -3.002023 Zandvoort: -0.422023 Monza: -0.362023 Singapore: -1.642023 Suzuka: +1.022023 Lusail: -0.352023 Austin: -0.012023 Mexico City: -0.932023 Interlagos: +0.722023 Las Vegas: no usable session2023 Yas Marina Circuit: -0.272024 Sakhir: +0.462024 Jeddah: +0.632024 Melbourne: -0.662024 Suzuka: -0.902024 Shanghai: +0.612024 Miami: -3.002024 Imola: -0.062024 Monte Carlo: no usable session2024 Montreal: no usable session2024 Catalunya: +0.342024 Spielberg: +0.692024 Silverstone: +0.072024 Hungaroring: -0.632024 Spa-Francorchamps: +0.962024 Zandvoort: +0.132024 Monza: -0.252024 Baku: -0.552024 Singapore: -0.472024 Austin: +0.882024 Mexico City: -0.402024 Las Vegas: -1.232024 Lusail: +0.992024 Yas Marina Circuit: -0.332025 Melbourne: no usable session2025 Shanghai: -1.342025 Suzuka: no usable session2025 Sakhir: -0.352025 Jeddah: -0.652025 Miami: -1.632025 Imola: -0.342025 Monte Carlo: no usable session2025 Catalunya: +0.922025 Montreal: +0.902025 Spielberg: +1.042025 Silverstone: -0.532025 Spa-Francorchamps: +2.962025 Hungaroring: -0.282025 Zandvoort: +0.592025 Monza: no usable session2025 Baku: -1.262025 Singapore: -0.492025 Austin: +0.712025 Mexico City: -3.002025 Interlagos: +0.422025 Las Vegas: -0.262025 Lusail: no usable session2025 Yas Marina Circuit: no usable session

60 SESSIONS · 100 STINTS · MINIMUM 5 RACES AND 8 STINTS

THROTTLE APPLICATION

QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER

Distance from the slowest point of the corner to full throttle, and the number of throttle lifts in between.

48/ 100
RANK 16 OF 29 · GROUND EFFECT FIELD
90% RANGE 41–59

Higher means: Reaches full throttle sooner after the apex, with fewer lifts.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Williams): 3Fernando Alonso (Aston Martin): 72Kimi Antonelli (Mercedes): 65Oliver Bearman (Haas F1 Team): 28Gabriel Bortoleto (Kick Sauber): 55Valtteri Bottas (Alfa Romeo): 41Franco Colapinto (Alpine): 8Pierre Gasly (Alpine): 80Isack Hadjar (Racing Bulls): 82Lewis Hamilton (Mercedes): 38Nicholas Latifi (Williams): 6Liam Lawson (Racing Bulls): 77Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 40Kevin Magnussen (Haas F1 Team): 44Mick Schumacher (Haas F1 Team): 23Lando Norris (McLaren): 52Esteban Ocon (Alpine): 15Sergio Perez (Red Bull Racing): 99Oscar Piastri (McLaren): 31Daniel Ricciardo (McLaren): 59George Russell (Mercedes): 81Carlos Sainz (Ferrari): 50Logan Sargeant (Williams): 10Lance Stroll (Aston Martin): 86Yuki Tsunoda (AlphaTauri): 71Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 98Sebastian Vettel (Aston Martin): 51Guanyu Zhou (Alfa Romeo): 14Nico Hulkenberg: 48

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

Reaches full throttle 0.8 m further from the apex than the field median.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

2022202320242025
2022 Sakhir: -0.042022 Jeddah: -0.402023 Sakhir: +0.292023 Jeddah: -0.092023 Melbourne: +0.082023 Baku: +0.042023 Miami: -0.042023 Monte Carlo: +0.192023 Catalunya: +0.222023 Montreal: -0.602023 Spielberg: +0.062023 Silverstone: -0.182023 Hungaroring: +0.252023 Spa-Francorchamps: no usable session2023 Zandvoort: no usable session2023 Monza: 0.002023 Singapore: -0.062023 Suzuka: 0.002023 Lusail: +0.172023 Austin: +0.452023 Mexico City: +0.172023 Interlagos: +0.082023 Las Vegas: -0.362023 Yas Marina Circuit: -0.212024 Sakhir: +0.202024 Jeddah: +0.162024 Melbourne: +0.022024 Suzuka: +0.252024 Shanghai: -0.232024 Miami: -0.152024 Imola: +0.062024 Monte Carlo: +0.082024 Montreal: -0.292024 Catalunya: +0.072024 Spielberg: +0.212024 Silverstone: -0.012024 Hungaroring: -0.352024 Spa-Francorchamps: no usable session2024 Zandvoort: -0.122024 Monza: +0.062024 Baku: -0.052024 Singapore: -0.112024 Austin: -0.212024 Mexico City: -0.072024 Las Vegas: -0.042024 Lusail: +0.022024 Yas Marina Circuit: 0.002025 Melbourne: +0.032025 Shanghai: -0.092025 Suzuka: +0.132025 Sakhir: +0.072025 Jeddah: +0.282025 Miami: -0.352025 Imola: -0.112025 Monte Carlo: -0.072025 Catalunya: -0.622025 Montreal: -0.492025 Spielberg: +0.262025 Silverstone: +0.012025 Spa-Francorchamps: +0.202025 Hungaroring: -0.172025 Zandvoort: -0.332025 Monza: -0.082025 Baku: no usable session2025 Singapore: -0.112025 Austin: -0.022025 Mexico City: -0.082025 Interlagos: +0.092025 Las Vegas: no usable session2025 Lusail: -0.092025 Yas Marina Circuit: -0.20

66 SESSIONS · 1177 LAP-CORNERS · MINIMUM 5 QUALIFYING SESSIONS AND 150 LAP-CORNERS

BRAKING

QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER

Where the driver starts braking for each corner, and how long the braking zone lasts.

48/ 100
RANK 17 OF 29 · GROUND EFFECT FIELD
90% RANGE 43–53

Higher means: Brakes later and over a shorter distance than the field.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Williams): 22Fernando Alonso (Aston Martin): 76Kimi Antonelli (Mercedes): 62Oliver Bearman (Haas F1 Team): 41Gabriel Bortoleto (Kick Sauber): 23Valtteri Bottas (Alfa Romeo): 36Franco Colapinto (Alpine): 18Pierre Gasly (Alpine): 64Isack Hadjar (Racing Bulls): 82Lewis Hamilton (Mercedes): 77Nicholas Latifi (Williams): 3Liam Lawson (Racing Bulls): 51Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 67Kevin Magnussen (Haas F1 Team): 34Mick Schumacher (Haas F1 Team): 19Lando Norris (McLaren): 80Esteban Ocon (Alpine): 20Sergio Perez (Red Bull Racing): 45Oscar Piastri (McLaren): 83Daniel Ricciardo (McLaren): 71George Russell (Mercedes): 72Carlos Sainz (Ferrari): 35Logan Sargeant (Williams): 28Lance Stroll (Aston Martin): 65Yuki Tsunoda (AlphaTauri): 87Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 56Sebastian Vettel (Aston Martin): 50Guanyu Zhou (Alfa Romeo): 54Nico Hulkenberg: 48

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

Starts braking 2.1 m earlier than the field median.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

2022202320242025
2022 Sakhir: -0.402022 Jeddah: -0.742023 Sakhir: -0.212023 Jeddah: -0.622023 Melbourne: -0.502023 Baku: -0.532023 Miami: -0.202023 Monte Carlo: +0.202023 Catalunya: -0.192023 Montreal: -0.142023 Spielberg: +0.012023 Silverstone: -0.142023 Hungaroring: +0.412023 Spa-Francorchamps: no usable session2023 Zandvoort: no usable session2023 Monza: -0.452023 Singapore: +0.392023 Suzuka: -0.872023 Lusail: +0.252023 Austin: -0.102023 Mexico City: -0.032023 Interlagos: -0.332023 Las Vegas: +0.182023 Yas Marina Circuit: +0.372024 Sakhir: -0.412024 Jeddah: +0.402024 Melbourne: -0.342024 Suzuka: -0.972024 Shanghai: +0.052024 Miami: -0.222024 Imola: -0.372024 Monte Carlo: -0.312024 Montreal: -0.062024 Catalunya: -0.362024 Spielberg: -0.132024 Silverstone: -0.312024 Hungaroring: -0.312024 Spa-Francorchamps: no usable session2024 Zandvoort: -0.122024 Monza: -0.552024 Baku: -0.082024 Singapore: +0.292024 Austin: -0.122024 Mexico City: +0.122024 Las Vegas: +0.462024 Lusail: -0.292024 Yas Marina Circuit: +0.262025 Melbourne: -0.032025 Shanghai: -0.082025 Suzuka: -0.302025 Sakhir: -0.212025 Jeddah: -0.042025 Miami: -0.322025 Imola: +0.662025 Monte Carlo: +0.232025 Catalunya: -0.272025 Montreal: -0.172025 Spielberg: +0.042025 Silverstone: +0.012025 Spa-Francorchamps: +0.222025 Hungaroring: +0.062025 Zandvoort: -0.092025 Monza: -0.672025 Baku: no usable session2025 Singapore: +0.202025 Austin: +0.092025 Mexico City: +0.012025 Interlagos: +0.502025 Las Vegas: no usable session2025 Lusail: +0.642025 Yas Marina Circuit: +0.03

66 SESSIONS · 1155 LAP-CORNERS · MINIMUM 5 QUALIFYING SESSIONS AND 150 LAP-CORNERS

CONSISTENCY

CLEAN RACE LAPS · PER STINT

How much clean lap times vary within a stint once the tyre-wear trend is removed.

19/ 100
RANK 26 OF 31 · GROUND EFFECT FIELD
90% RANGE 10–25

Higher means: Smaller lap-to-lap variation than the field in the same race.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Williams): 62Fernando Alonso (Aston Martin): 38Kimi Antonelli (Mercedes): 81Oliver Bearman (Haas F1 Team): 36Gabriel Bortoleto (Kick Sauber): 25Valtteri Bottas (Alfa Romeo): 21Franco Colapinto (Alpine): 39Nyck De Vries (AlphaTauri): 33Jack Doohan (Alpine): 9Pierre Gasly (Alpine): 79Isack Hadjar (Racing Bulls): 55Lewis Hamilton (Mercedes): 46Nicholas Latifi (Williams): 5Liam Lawson (Racing Bulls): 70Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 72Kevin Magnussen (Haas F1 Team): 11Mick Schumacher (Haas F1 Team): 13Lando Norris (McLaren): 75Esteban Ocon (Alpine): 83Sergio Perez (Red Bull Racing): 52Oscar Piastri (McLaren): 56Daniel Ricciardo (McLaren): 31George Russell (Mercedes): 93Carlos Sainz (Ferrari): 89Logan Sargeant (Williams): 16Lance Stroll (Aston Martin): 68Yuki Tsunoda (AlphaTauri): 42Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 97Sebastian Vettel (Aston Martin): 78Guanyu Zhou (Alfa Romeo): 20Nico Hulkenberg: 19

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

Lap times scatter 0.379 s around the stint trend, 0.101 s looser than the field median.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

2022202320242025
2022 Sakhir: -2.442022 Jeddah: -0.692023 Sakhir: -0.572023 Jeddah: -0.232023 Melbourne: -1.252023 Baku: no usable session2023 Miami: -0.512023 Monte Carlo: +0.042023 Catalunya: -0.212023 Montreal: -1.922023 Spielberg: no usable session2023 Silverstone: -0.802023 Hungaroring: -0.612023 Spa-Francorchamps: -0.972023 Zandvoort: +0.012023 Monza: +0.242023 Singapore: -0.612023 Suzuka: -0.132023 Lusail: -0.732023 Austin: +0.092023 Mexico City: -0.322023 Interlagos: -1.952023 Las Vegas: -2.872023 Yas Marina Circuit: -2.572024 Sakhir: -0.612024 Jeddah: +1.002024 Melbourne: -0.362024 Suzuka: -1.002024 Shanghai: +0.292024 Miami: -0.142024 Imola: -1.162024 Monte Carlo: no usable session2024 Montreal: no usable session2024 Catalunya: +0.092024 Spielberg: -0.042024 Silverstone: -0.352024 Hungaroring: -1.952024 Spa-Francorchamps: -1.262024 Zandvoort: -1.592024 Monza: +0.252024 Baku: -0.122024 Singapore: +0.702024 Austin: +0.252024 Mexico City: +0.292024 Las Vegas: +0.482024 Lusail: -2.542024 Yas Marina Circuit: -1.332025 Melbourne: no usable session2025 Shanghai: -2.842025 Suzuka: +0.672025 Sakhir: -1.242025 Jeddah: -1.642025 Miami: -0.612025 Imola: -0.042025 Monte Carlo: -1.462025 Catalunya: -1.032025 Montreal: -1.142025 Spielberg: -1.412025 Silverstone: +0.902025 Spa-Francorchamps: -2.732025 Hungaroring: -0.572025 Zandvoort: -3.002025 Monza: no usable session2025 Baku: -0.222025 Singapore: -0.672025 Austin: -0.422025 Mexico City: -3.002025 Interlagos: -0.672025 Las Vegas: +0.822025 Lusail: no usable session2025 Yas Marina Circuit: -0.56

64 SESSIONS · 113 STINTS · MINIMUM 5 RACES AND 8 STINTS

STEERING SMOOTHNESS

NEEDS ONBOARD VIDEO

How smoothly the driver steers through each corner.

PENDING

Not measured yet. No public feed carries steering angle; it will come from onboard video.

TEAMMATES

Same car, same sessions. Each cell is the average difference over the sessions they shared, in field-spread units: +0.30 means 0.3 of a typical field spread better on that axis. Qualifying H2H is the share of shared qualifying sessions where Hulkenberg's best lap was faster.

TEAMMATESHAREDQUALI H2HENTRYTYRE MGMTTHROTTLEBRAKINGCONSISTENCY
Kevin Magnussen80
39 Q · 41 R
69%+0.27-0.08+0.14+0.14-0.02
Gabriel Bortoleto38
20 Q · 18 R
45%+0.21+0.46-0.08+0.25-0.60
Lance Stroll4
2 Q · 2 R
50%+0.08-1.81-0.37-0.03-0.38
Oliver Bearman2
1 Q · 1 R
0%-0.59-1.38-0.14+0.20-0.01

SESSION LOG

Every weekend in this era. Values are the difference from that session's field in field-spread units, green better and red worse. A dash means the session was skipped (wet, or no data) or the driver had no usable laps.

WEEKENDCIRCUITTEAMQ LAPSBRAKINGENTRYTHROTTLERACE LAPSCONSISTENCYTYRE MGMT
2022 R01SakhirAston Martin2-0.40-0.26-0.0416-2.44-1.77
2022 R02JeddahAston Martin2-0.74-1.03-0.4024-0.69-0.20
2023 R01SakhirHaas F1 Team3-0.21+0.13+0.2932-0.57-0.85
2023 R02JeddahHaas F1 Team3-0.62-0.83-0.0927-0.23+0.67
2023 R03MelbourneHaas F1 Team3-0.50+0.03+0.0830-1.25-3.00
2023 R04BakuHaas F1 Team2-0.53-0.67+0.040——
2023 R05MiamiHaas F1 Team3-0.20+0.16-0.0420-0.51+2.26
2023 R06Monte CarloHaas F1 Team1+0.20-0.54+0.1926+0.040.00
2023 R07CatalunyaHaas F1 Team3-0.19-0.06+0.2245-0.21-0.85
2023 R08MontrealHaas F1 Team1-0.14+0.30-0.6032-1.92-0.86
2023 R09SpielbergHaas F1 Team3+0.01+0.13+0.06———
2023 R10SilverstoneHaas F1 Team2-0.14-0.08-0.1823-0.800.00
2023 R11HungaroringHaas F1 Team3+0.41+0.21+0.2548-0.61-0.39
2023 R12Spa-FrancorchampsHaas F1 Team————11-0.97-3.00
2023 R13ZandvoortHaas F1 Team————25+0.01-0.42
2023 R14MonzaHaas F1 Team3-0.45-0.080.0023+0.24-0.36
2023 R15SingaporeHaas F1 Team3+0.39+0.19-0.0615-0.61-1.64
2023 R16SuzukaHaas F1 Team2-0.87-0.640.0034-0.13+1.02
2023 R17LusailHaas F1 Team3+0.25-0.24+0.1734-0.73-0.35
2023 R18AustinHaas F1 Team2-0.10-0.45+0.4534+0.09-0.01
2023 R19Mexico CityHaas F1 Team2-0.03-0.64+0.1739-0.32-0.93
2023 R20InterlagosHaas F1 Team3-0.33+0.42+0.0846-1.95+0.72
2023 R21Las VegasHaas F1 Team3+0.18-0.23-0.367-2.87—
2023 R22Yas Marina CircuitHaas F1 Team3+0.37+0.31-0.2136-2.57-0.27
2024 R01SakhirHaas F1 Team3-0.41-0.52+0.2045-0.61+0.46
2024 R02JeddahHaas F1 Team3+0.40-0.78+0.1635+1.00+0.63
2024 R03MelbourneHaas F1 Team3-0.34-1.12+0.0239-0.36-0.66
2024 R04SuzukaHaas F1 Team2-0.97-0.83+0.2528-1.00-0.90
2024 R05ShanghaiHaas F1 Team3+0.05-0.39-0.2323+0.29+0.61
2024 R06MiamiHaas F1 Team3-0.22-0.39-0.1515-0.14-3.00
2024 R07ImolaHaas F1 Team3-0.37-0.45+0.0649-1.16-0.06
2024 R08Monte CarloHaas F1 Team3-0.31-0.56+0.08———
2024 R09MontrealHaas F1 Team3-0.06-0.54-0.290——
2024 R10CatalunyaHaas F1 Team3-0.36-0.71+0.0749+0.09+0.34
2024 R11SpielbergHaas F1 Team3-0.13-0.32+0.2149-0.04+0.69
2024 R12SilverstoneHaas F1 Team3-0.31+0.31-0.0118-0.35+0.07
2024 R13HungaroringHaas F1 Team1-0.31-0.43-0.3560-1.95-0.63
2024 R14Spa-FrancorchampsHaas F1 Team————23-1.26+0.96
2024 R15ZandvoortHaas F1 Team3-0.12-0.18-0.1251-1.59+0.13
2024 R16MonzaHaas F1 Team3-0.55-0.27+0.0639+0.25-0.25
2024 R17BakuHaas F1 Team3-0.08-0.46-0.0532-0.12-0.55
2024 R18SingaporeHaas F1 Team3+0.29-0.09-0.1146+0.70-0.47
2024 R19AustinHaas F1 Team3-0.12+0.37-0.2136+0.25+0.88
2024 R20Mexico CityHaas F1 Team3+0.12-0.15-0.0753+0.29-0.40
2024 R22Las VegasHaas F1 Team3+0.46-0.11-0.0416+0.48-1.23
2024 R23LusailHaas F1 Team3-0.29-0.81+0.0211-2.54+0.99
2024 R24Yas Marina CircuitHaas F1 Team3+0.26+0.420.0038-1.33-0.33
2025 R01MelbourneKick Sauber2-0.03-1.04+0.03———
2025 R02ShanghaiKick Sauber3-0.08-0.24-0.0945-2.84-1.34
2025 R03SuzukaKick Sauber2-0.30-1.14+0.137+0.67—
2025 R04SakhirKick Sauber3-0.21-0.61+0.0733-1.24-0.35
2025 R05JeddahKick Sauber2-0.04-1.16+0.2830-1.64-0.65
2025 R06MiamiKick Sauber2-0.32-0.93-0.3519-0.61-1.63
2025 R07ImolaKick Sauber3+0.66-0.59-0.1129-0.04-0.34
2025 R08Monte CarloKick Sauber3+0.23-0.02-0.077-1.46—
2025 R09CatalunyaKick Sauber2-0.27-0.61-0.6236-1.03+0.92
2025 R10MontrealKick Sauber3-0.17+0.07-0.4938-1.14+0.90
2025 R11SpielbergKick Sauber3+0.04-0.16+0.2641-1.41+1.04
2025 R12SilverstoneKick Sauber1+0.01-0.71+0.018+0.90-0.53
2025 R13Spa-FrancorchampsKick Sauber3+0.22-0.25+0.2017-2.73+2.96
2025 R14HungaroringKick Sauber2+0.06-0.32-0.1736-0.57-0.28
2025 R15ZandvoortKick Sauber3-0.09-0.55-0.3312-3.00+0.59
2025 R16MonzaKick Sauber3-0.67-0.93-0.08———
2025 R17BakuKick Sauber————14-0.22-1.26
2025 R18SingaporeKick Sauber2+0.20-0.02-0.1127-0.67-0.49
2025 R19AustinKick Sauber3+0.09+0.13-0.0244-0.42+0.71
2025 R20Mexico CityKick Sauber3+0.01+0.19-0.0818-3.00-3.00
2025 R21InterlagosKick Sauber3+0.50+0.37+0.0918-0.67+0.42
2025 R22Las VegasKick Sauber————32+0.82-0.26
2025 R23LusailKick Sauber3+0.64+0.10-0.09———
2025 R24Yas Marina CircuitKick Sauber3+0.03-0.03-0.206-0.56—

HOW THIS IS CALCULATED

The definitions behind every number on this page. The full specification lives with the pipeline code (backend/pipeline/signature/SPEC.md).

REGULATION ERAS

An era is a period under one set of technical rules. When the rules change, every car brakes, turns and wears its tyres differently, so a driver's style relative to the field can shift too. Signatures are therefore computed separately for each era, and the driver page shows the most recent era with at least one scored axis. These eras are defined by the car rules, separate from the storytelling eras elsewhere on the site.

ERAWHAT DEFINES ITDATA IN THIS DATASET
LATE HYBRID
2018–2021
1.6-litre V6 turbo hybrid power units, used since 2014, in the wider, higher-downforce cars on wider tyres introduced in 2017.
The era starts in 2018, the first season of the official timing archive, although its car rules date from 2017.
2018–2021
30 drivers scored
GROUND EFFECT
2022–2025
THIS PAGE
Most downforce comes from two Venturi tunnels under the floor, with simplified wings and 18-inch low-profile tyres, so that cars can follow each other more closely.
2022–2025
31 drivers scored
ACTIVE AERO
2026 onwards
Front and rear wings switch between a corner mode and a low-drag straight mode, replacing DRS. Cars are shorter, narrower and lighter (768 kg), the floor tunnels are gone, and power is split roughly half and half between combustion and electric, with the MGU-H removed and fully sustainable fuel.
Energy recovery is a bigger part of each lap: drivers lift off before braking to recharge and cars harvest at full throttle at the end of straights. Throttle and braking traces reflect energy management as well as driving style.
2026
22 drivers scored

THE FIELD

Every measurement is a difference from the other cars in the same session. Comparing within a session cancels out the track, the weather, the tyre generation and the overall speed of that year's cars, which is what makes different weekends comparable. For each corner, or each race, the driver's value has the field median subtracted and is divided by the field's spread (a robust z-score, capped at ±3). A value of +1 means one typical field spread better than the median driver.

FROM LAPS TO A SCORE

  1. Pick the laps. Qualifying: up to 3 push laps per driver, within 1% of their own best and 107% of the fastest lap, on dry tyres, not deleted for track limits and not run under red or yellow flags. Race: clean laps only, meaning not lap 1, no pit laps, no safety car, virtual safety car, red or yellow flag, dry tyres, at least 1.5 s behind the car ahead, and within 107% of the driver's stint median.
  2. Measure.Corners are the slowest points of the session's fastest lap (dips of at least 25km/h). Every lap is mapped onto that lap's line, so all drivers' brake points and apexes share one distance scale. Full throttle means 98% pedal or more, and a lift is a drop of 10points. In the race, each stint's lap times are corrected for fuel (0.055 s per lap of fuel still on board) and fitted against tyre age: the slope is degradation (at least 8 clean laps), and the scatter around the line is consistency (at least 6).
  3. Compare with the field. Each corner needs at least 8 field laps; tyre degradation is compared on the same compound when at least 4 stints used it.
  4. Combine over the era. A weighted average of the session values. An axis is only scored with at least 5 qualifying sessions and 150 lap-corners, or 5 races and 8 stints; otherwise it stays empty rather than guessed.
  5. Rank.The 0–100 score is the driver-era's percentile among every driver-era in the dataset, so 50 is typical.
  6. Confidence.The driver's sessions are resampled 400 times and re-ranked. The 90% range runs from the 5th to the 95th percentile of those ranks, and confidence is 1 minus the average width of the ranges.

COMPARISON GROUPS

ERA AVG

The average of every driver scored in the same regulation era. It sits close to 50 on every axis: a typical driver.

ALL-TIME

The average of every driver-era in the dataset. Scores are ranks among those same driver-eras, so it sits at 50 on every axis by construction.

CHAMPIONS

World champions in the eras they won their titles, from the final standings of completed seasons. In the dataset: Lewis Hamilton (2018, 2019, 2020), Max Verstappen (2021, 2022, 2023, 2024), Lando Norris (2025).

TEAMMATES

The driver's teammates in this era, weighted by sessions shared. Same car, so this is the fairest comparison.

AXES

AXISMEASURESHIGHER MEANSDATA
STEERING SMOOTHNESSHow smoothly the driver steers through each corner.Not measured yet. No public feed carries steering angle; it will come from onboard video.NEEDS ONBOARD VIDEO
ENTRY AGGRESSIONSpeed as the driver comes off the brake, and the minimum speed through the corner.Carries more speed off the brake and through the slowest point.QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER
TYRE MANAGEMENTHow fast lap times drop off as the tyres age, corrected for fuel load.Loses less time per lap of tyre age than the field on the same compound.CLEAN RACE LAPS · PER STINT
THROTTLE APPLICATIONDistance from the slowest point of the corner to full throttle, and the number of throttle lifts in between.Reaches full throttle sooner after the apex, with fewer lifts.QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER
BRAKINGWhere the driver starts braking for each corner, and how long the braking zone lasts.Brakes later and over a shorter distance than the field.QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER
CONSISTENCYHow much clean lap times vary within a stint once the tyre-wear trend is removed.Smaller lap-to-lap variation than the field in the same race.CLEAN RACE LAPS · PER STINT

DATA AND COVERAGE

Source: Official F1 live-timing feed, read through TracingInsights' public FastF1 extraction (2018–2022) and the OpenF1 historical API (2023–2026). The feed gives car data (speed, throttle, brake on/off, gear) about 3.7 times a second, car positions, laps, tyre stints, gaps and race-control messages. It does not carry steering angle or brake pressure. 180 qualifying sessions and 186 races are scored.

SEASONWEEKENDSQUALIFYINGRACESNOT SCORED
20182120/2120/21
Australian qualifying: no race-control messages in the source, so flags cannot be applied
Australian race: no race-control messages in the source, so flags cannot be applied
20192121/2121/21—
20201715/1717/17
Styrian qualifying: wet
Turkish qualifying: wet
20212220/2222/22
Belgian qualifying: wet
Russian qualifying: mixed conditions, 6 drivers on dry tyres
20222220/2222/22
Canadian qualifying: wet
British qualifying: wet
20232221/2222/22
Dutch qualifying: mixed conditions, 9 drivers on dry tyres
20242422/2424/24
Belgian qualifying: wet
São Paulo qualifying: wet
20252422/2424/24
Azerbaijan qualifying: no lap data in the public feed
Las Vegas qualifying: wet
202619 (+4 still to run)19/1919/19—

KNOWN LIMITATIONS

  • The field includes faster and slower cars, so a driver in a quick car scores higher on car-sensitive measures such as minimum corner speed. The teammate comparison is where the car is held constant.
  • The braking point is not adjusted for approach speed: a driver who exits the previous corner faster arrives quicker and has to brake earlier. Braking describes style more than pace.
  • Tyre management cannot tell tyre wear apart from a driver deliberately controlling pace, so its ranges are wide.
  • From 2026, throttle and braking traces also reflect energy recovery (lifting before braking, harvesting at full throttle), not only driving style.
  • Steering smoothness needs steering angle, which no public feed carries. It is never estimated and will come from onboard video, along with seasons before 2018.

PIPELINE TIMING-0.1.0 · GENERATED 2026-11-02 · OFFICIAL F1 LIVE-TIMING FEED, READ THROUGH TRACINGINSIGHTS' PUBLIC FASTF1 EXTRACTION (2018–2022) AND THE OPENF1 HISTORICAL API (2023–2026)