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DRIVING SIGNATURE · FULL METRICS

Carlos Sainz

Late hybrid era (2018–2021) · data from 2018–2021 · McLaren, Renault, Ferrari

LATE HYBRID · 2018–2021GROUND EFFECT · 2022–2025ACTIVE AERO · 2026

LAPS USED

2,728

QUALIFYING

75

RACES

72

AXES SCORED

5/6

CONFIDENCE

0.80

How this is calculated — the era, the field, the comparison groups and every threshold.

OVERVIEW

Each axis is a 0–100 rank among every driver-era in the dataset, built from differences to the same-session field. The 90% range is where nine in ten resampled scores land. Rank is within the late hybrid field.

STEERINGSMOOTHNESSPENDINGENTRY AGGRESSIONTYRE MANAGEMENTTHROTTLE APPLICATIONBRAKINGCONSISTENCY

DASHED: ERA AVG — The average of every driver scored in the same regulation era. It sits close to 50 on every axis: a typical driver.

AXISSCORE90% RANGERANKERA AVGALL-TIMECHAMPIONSTEAMMATES
STEERINGPENDING——————
ENTRY5248–5813/3047509266
TYRE MGMT7451–9011/3053505166
THROTTLE6251–7512/3050507644
BRAKING4946–5315/3049507869
CONSISTENCY8673–933/3049508171

AXIS BY AXIS

What each axis measures, where the driver sits among this era's drivers, the raw differences behind the score, and how it moved from weekend to weekend.

ENTRY AGGRESSION

QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER

Speed as the driver comes off the brake, and the minimum speed through the corner.

52/ 100
RANK 13 OF 30 · LATE HYBRID FIELD
90% RANGE 48–58

Higher means: Carries more speed off the brake and through the slowest point.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Red Bull Racing): 77Fernando Alonso (Alpine): 40Valtteri Bottas (Mercedes): 99Marcus Ericsson (Sauber): 65Pierre Gasly (AlphaTauri): 81Antonio Giovinazzi (Alfa Romeo Racing): 33Romain Grosjean (Haas F1 Team): 25Lewis Hamilton (Mercedes): 98Brendon Hartley (Toro Rosso): 46Nico Hulkenberg (Renault): 73Robert Kubica (Williams): 1Daniil Kvyat (Toro Rosso): 44Nicholas Latifi (Williams): 6Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 59Kevin Magnussen (Haas F1 Team): 27Nikita Mazepin (Haas F1 Team): 2Mick Schumacher (Haas F1 Team): 13Lando Norris (McLaren): 67Esteban Ocon (Alpine): 49Sergio Perez (Racing Point): 45Kimi Räikkönen (Alfa Romeo Racing): 24Daniel Ricciardo (Renault): 90George Russell (Williams): 22Sergey Sirotkin (Williams): 4Lance Stroll (Racing Point): 17Yuki Tsunoda (AlphaTauri): 61Stoffel Vandoorne (McLaren): 15Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 93Sebastian Vettel (Ferrari): 66Carlos Sainz: 52

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

0.9 km/h less speed as the brake comes off.

0.2 km/h higher minimum corner speed.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

2018201920202021
2018 Sakhir: -0.052018 Shanghai: +0.402018 Baku: +0.302018 Barcelona: +0.382018 Monte Carlo: +0.352018 Montréal: +0.282018 Le Castellet: +0.252018 Spielberg: +0.042018 Silverstone: -0.262018 Hockenheim: +0.342018 Budapest: +0.312018 Spa-Francorchamps: -0.502018 Monza: -0.032018 Singapore: -0.172018 Sochi: -0.412018 Suzuka: -0.012018 Austin: +0.252018 Mexico City: +0.422018 São Paulo: -0.222018 Yas Marina: +0.172019 Melbourne: -1.312019 Sakhir: -0.652019 Shanghai: -0.422019 Baku: -0.192019 Barcelona: -0.602019 Monte Carlo: +0.082019 Montréal: -0.462019 Le Castellet: -0.132019 Spielberg: -0.482019 Silverstone: -0.062019 Hockenheim: -0.292019 Budapest: +0.102019 Spa-Francorchamps: -0.962019 Monza: +0.212019 Singapore: -0.112019 Sochi: -0.052019 Suzuka: -0.212019 Mexico City: -0.022019 Austin: -0.332019 São Paulo: no usable session2019 Yas Island: -0.062020 Spielberg: +0.352020 Spielberg: no usable session2020 Budapest: +0.102020 Silverstone: +0.332020 Silverstone: +0.172020 Barcelona: -0.272020 Spa-Francorchamps: -0.382020 Monza: +0.332020 Mugello: -0.312020 Sochi: +0.362020 Nürburgring: -0.342020 Portimão: +0.112020 Imola: -0.012020 Sakhir: -0.292020 Sakhir: +0.172020 Yas Island: -0.112021 Sakhir: -0.682021 Imola: -0.082021 Portimão: +0.142021 Barcelona: -0.202021 Monte Carlo: +0.432021 Baku: +0.212021 Le Castellet: +0.012021 Spielberg: -0.312021 Spielberg: -0.512021 Silverstone: +0.272021 Budapest: -0.152021 Zandvoort: +0.432021 Monza: +0.492021 Sochi: no usable session2021 Istanbul: -0.512021 Austin: +0.302021 Mexico City: +0.072021 São Paulo: +0.102021 Lusail: +0.212021 Jeddah: -0.162021 Yas Island: +0.41

75 SESSIONS · 1579 LAP-CORNERS · MINIMUM 5 QUALIFYING SESSIONS AND 150 LAP-CORNERS

TYRE MANAGEMENT

CLEAN RACE LAPS · PER STINT

How fast lap times drop off as the tyres age, corrected for fuel load.

74/ 100
RANK 11 OF 30 · LATE HYBRID FIELD
90% RANGE 51–90

Higher means: Loses less time per lap of tyre age than the field on the same compound.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Red Bull Racing): 63Fernando Alonso (Alpine): 93Valtteri Bottas (Mercedes): 10Marcus Ericsson (Sauber): 84Pierre Gasly (AlphaTauri): 49Antonio Giovinazzi (Alfa Romeo Racing): 15Romain Grosjean (Haas F1 Team): 47Lewis Hamilton (Mercedes): 59Brendon Hartley (Toro Rosso): 79Nico Hulkenberg (Renault): 88Robert Kubica (Williams): 8Daniil Kvyat (Toro Rosso): 36Nicholas Latifi (Williams): 54Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 18Kevin Magnussen (Haas F1 Team): 75Nikita Mazepin (Haas F1 Team): 4Mick Schumacher (Haas F1 Team): 16Lando Norris (McLaren): 81Esteban Ocon (Alpine): 86Sergio Perez (Racing Point): 60Kimi Räikkönen (Alfa Romeo Racing): 46Daniel Ricciardo (Renault): 87George Russell (Williams): 64Sergey Sirotkin (Williams): 9Lance Stroll (Racing Point): 26Yuki Tsunoda (AlphaTauri): 98Stoffel Vandoorne (McLaren): 91Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 38Sebastian Vettel (Ferrari): 20Carlos Sainz: 74

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

Loses 0.042 s per lap of tyre age after fuel correction, 0.004 s/lap more than the race median.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

2018201920202021
2018 Sakhir: -0.692018 Shanghai: 0.002018 Baku: -0.672018 Barcelona: -0.592018 Monte Carlo: -0.532018 Montréal: -0.922018 Le Castellet: -0.142018 Spielberg: -2.132018 Silverstone: -2.742018 Hockenheim: -0.772018 Budapest: +1.912018 Spa-Francorchamps: -0.352018 Monza: -0.102018 Singapore: +0.602018 Sochi: +0.862018 Suzuka: -0.502018 Austin: +0.502018 Mexico City: -1.412018 São Paulo: -1.402018 Yas Marina: +0.672019 Melbourne: no usable session2019 Sakhir: -0.212019 Shanghai: +0.842019 Baku: -0.222019 Barcelona: -0.732019 Monte Carlo: -0.582019 Montréal: -1.632019 Le Castellet: +1.022019 Spielberg: -1.282019 Silverstone: +0.462019 Hockenheim: no usable session2019 Budapest: +0.632019 Spa-Francorchamps: no usable session2019 Monza: -1.532019 Singapore: +0.432019 Sochi: -0.332019 Suzuka: +0.112019 Mexico City: -0.152019 Austin: +0.412019 São Paulo: +1.652019 Yas Island: -3.002020 Spielberg: +0.282020 Spielberg: +0.812020 Budapest: +0.612020 Silverstone: +0.882020 Silverstone: +0.482020 Barcelona: +0.752020 Spa-Francorchamps: no usable session2020 Monza: +0.102020 Mugello: no usable session2020 Sochi: no usable session2020 Nürburgring: +0.052020 Portimão: +0.112020 Imola: -0.562020 Sakhir: +0.792020 Sakhir: -0.242020 Yas Island: +0.962021 Sakhir: +0.542021 Imola: -0.442021 Portimão: -0.182021 Barcelona: +0.552021 Monte Carlo: -0.412021 Baku: 0.002021 Le Castellet: -0.252021 Spielberg: +1.072021 Spielberg: +0.692021 Silverstone: +1.412021 Budapest: +0.642021 Zandvoort: -0.232021 Monza: +0.062021 Sochi: -0.632021 Istanbul: no usable session2021 Austin: +0.342021 Mexico City: +0.172021 São Paulo: +0.932021 Lusail: +2.042021 Jeddah: -0.322021 Yas Island: +1.04

71 SESSIONS · 123 STINTS · MINIMUM 5 RACES AND 8 STINTS

THROTTLE APPLICATION

QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER

Distance from the slowest point of the corner to full throttle, and the number of throttle lifts in between.

62/ 100
RANK 12 OF 30 · LATE HYBRID FIELD
90% RANGE 51–75

Higher means: Reaches full throttle sooner after the apex, with fewer lifts.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Red Bull Racing): 39Fernando Alonso (Alpine): 76Valtteri Bottas (Mercedes): 75Marcus Ericsson (Sauber): 61Pierre Gasly (AlphaTauri): 87Antonio Giovinazzi (Alfa Romeo Racing): 22Romain Grosjean (Haas F1 Team): 66Lewis Hamilton (Mercedes): 60Brendon Hartley (Toro Rosso): 73Nico Hulkenberg (Renault): 56Robert Kubica (Williams): 2Daniil Kvyat (Toro Rosso): 97Nicholas Latifi (Williams): 18Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 30Kevin Magnussen (Haas F1 Team): 27Nikita Mazepin (Haas F1 Team): 1Mick Schumacher (Haas F1 Team): 4Lando Norris (McLaren): 45Esteban Ocon (Alpine): 9Sergio Perez (Racing Point): 64Kimi Räikkönen (Alfa Romeo Racing): 36Daniel Ricciardo (Renault): 67George Russell (Williams): 35Sergey Sirotkin (Williams): 13Lance Stroll (Racing Point): 57Yuki Tsunoda (AlphaTauri): 91Stoffel Vandoorne (McLaren): 70Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 94Sebastian Vettel (Ferrari): 54Carlos Sainz: 62

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

Reaches full throttle 0.8 m closer to the apex than the field median.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

2018201920202021
2018 Sakhir: +0.022018 Shanghai: +0.012018 Baku: -0.032018 Barcelona: +0.282018 Monte Carlo: +0.182018 Montréal: +0.232018 Le Castellet: +0.232018 Spielberg: +0.112018 Silverstone: +0.252018 Hockenheim: -0.302018 Budapest: +0.402018 Spa-Francorchamps: +0.402018 Monza: +0.292018 Singapore: +0.082018 Sochi: +0.122018 Suzuka: +0.302018 Austin: +0.562018 Mexico City: +0.242018 São Paulo: -0.192018 Yas Marina: +0.142019 Melbourne: -0.582019 Sakhir: -0.412019 Shanghai: -0.162019 Baku: -0.082019 Barcelona: -0.362019 Monte Carlo: -0.052019 Montréal: -0.242019 Le Castellet: +0.012019 Spielberg: -0.162019 Silverstone: -0.222019 Hockenheim: -0.512019 Budapest: 0.002019 Spa-Francorchamps: -1.232019 Monza: +0.182019 Singapore: -0.072019 Sochi: -0.262019 Suzuka: +0.102019 Mexico City: +0.132019 Austin: +0.172019 São Paulo: no usable session2019 Yas Island: -0.172020 Spielberg: +0.242020 Spielberg: no usable session2020 Budapest: +0.022020 Silverstone: +0.152020 Silverstone: +0.062020 Barcelona: -0.162020 Spa-Francorchamps: +0.132020 Monza: +0.092020 Mugello: +0.312020 Sochi: -0.132020 Nürburgring: +0.472020 Portimão: +0.282020 Imola: +0.092020 Sakhir: 0.002020 Sakhir: -0.172020 Yas Island: +0.192021 Sakhir: +0.132021 Imola: +0.222021 Portimão: +0.262021 Barcelona: +0.292021 Monte Carlo: -0.212021 Baku: -0.182021 Le Castellet: +0.282021 Spielberg: -0.152021 Spielberg: +0.152021 Silverstone: 0.002021 Budapest: -0.182021 Zandvoort: 0.002021 Monza: +0.342021 Sochi: no usable session2021 Istanbul: +0.202021 Austin: +0.182021 Mexico City: -0.122021 São Paulo: +0.372021 Lusail: -0.112021 Jeddah: +0.012021 Yas Island: 0.00

75 SESSIONS · 1495 LAP-CORNERS · MINIMUM 5 QUALIFYING SESSIONS AND 150 LAP-CORNERS

BRAKING

QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER

Where the driver starts braking for each corner, and how long the braking zone lasts.

49/ 100
RANK 15 OF 30 · LATE HYBRID FIELD
90% RANGE 46–53

Higher means: Brakes later and over a shorter distance than the field.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Red Bull Racing): 38Fernando Alonso (Alpine): 60Valtteri Bottas (Mercedes): 86Marcus Ericsson (Sauber): 55Pierre Gasly (AlphaTauri): 90Antonio Giovinazzi (Alfa Romeo Racing): 29Romain Grosjean (Haas F1 Team): 61Lewis Hamilton (Mercedes): 97Brendon Hartley (Toro Rosso): 99Nico Hulkenberg (Renault): 46Robert Kubica (Williams): 14Daniil Kvyat (Toro Rosso): 70Nicholas Latifi (Williams): 15Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 59Kevin Magnussen (Haas F1 Team): 10Nikita Mazepin (Haas F1 Team): 1Mick Schumacher (Haas F1 Team): 2Lando Norris (McLaren): 88Esteban Ocon (Alpine): 24Sergio Perez (Racing Point): 31Kimi Räikkönen (Alfa Romeo Racing): 33Daniel Ricciardo (Renault): 73George Russell (Williams): 27Sergey Sirotkin (Williams): 30Lance Stroll (Racing Point): 9Yuki Tsunoda (AlphaTauri): 92Stoffel Vandoorne (McLaren): 66Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 78Sebastian Vettel (Ferrari): 43Carlos Sainz: 49

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

Starts braking 0.6 m later than the field median.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

2018201920202021
2018 Sakhir: +0.432018 Shanghai: -0.452018 Baku: -0.652018 Barcelona: -0.322018 Monte Carlo: -0.762018 Montréal: -0.362018 Le Castellet: -0.912018 Spielberg: -0.212018 Silverstone: -0.362018 Hockenheim: +0.112018 Budapest: +0.022018 Spa-Francorchamps: -0.532018 Monza: -0.282018 Singapore: -0.192018 Sochi: -0.812018 Suzuka: +0.222018 Austin: -0.402018 Mexico City: -0.412018 São Paulo: +0.492018 Yas Marina: -0.262019 Melbourne: -0.632019 Sakhir: -0.332019 Shanghai: 0.002019 Baku: -0.042019 Barcelona: -0.292019 Monte Carlo: +0.232019 Montréal: -0.112019 Le Castellet: +0.302019 Spielberg: -0.522019 Silverstone: -0.042019 Hockenheim: -0.012019 Budapest: -0.302019 Spa-Francorchamps: +0.412019 Monza: +0.052019 Singapore: -0.302019 Sochi: +0.232019 Suzuka: +0.092019 Mexico City: +0.262019 Austin: +0.292019 São Paulo: no usable session2019 Yas Island: +0.202020 Spielberg: +0.132020 Spielberg: no usable session2020 Budapest: -0.252020 Silverstone: +0.112020 Silverstone: -0.062020 Barcelona: -0.082020 Spa-Francorchamps: +0.252020 Monza: +0.212020 Mugello: -0.192020 Sochi: +0.282020 Nürburgring: -0.012020 Portimão: +0.152020 Imola: +0.122020 Sakhir: +0.402020 Sakhir: +0.082020 Yas Island: +0.272021 Sakhir: -0.032021 Imola: +0.052021 Portimão: -0.362021 Barcelona: +0.352021 Monte Carlo: +0.092021 Baku: -0.022021 Le Castellet: +0.272021 Spielberg: -0.392021 Spielberg: -0.482021 Silverstone: -0.072021 Budapest: -0.392021 Zandvoort: +0.012021 Monza: +0.052021 Sochi: no usable session2021 Istanbul: -0.202021 Austin: +0.212021 Mexico City: +0.182021 São Paulo: +0.302021 Lusail: -0.392021 Jeddah: -0.242021 Yas Island: +0.31

75 SESSIONS · 1334 LAP-CORNERS · MINIMUM 5 QUALIFYING SESSIONS AND 150 LAP-CORNERS

CONSISTENCY

CLEAN RACE LAPS · PER STINT

How much clean lap times vary within a stint once the tyre-wear trend is removed.

86/ 100
RANK 3 OF 30 · LATE HYBRID FIELD
90% RANGE 73–93

Higher means: Smaller lap-to-lap variation than the field in the same race.

0255075100Alexander Albon (Red Bull Racing): 40Fernando Alonso (Alpine): 45Valtteri Bottas (Mercedes): 44Marcus Ericsson (Sauber): 22Pierre Gasly (AlphaTauri): 67Antonio Giovinazzi (Alfa Romeo Racing): 51Romain Grosjean (Haas F1 Team): 34Lewis Hamilton (Mercedes): 57Brendon Hartley (Toro Rosso): 30Nico Hulkenberg (Renault): 49Robert Kubica (Williams): 4Daniil Kvyat (Toro Rosso): 66Nicholas Latifi (Williams): 14Charles Leclerc (Ferrari): 64Kevin Magnussen (Haas F1 Team): 32Nikita Mazepin (Haas F1 Team): 1Mick Schumacher (Haas F1 Team): 3Lando Norris (McLaren): 87Esteban Ocon (Alpine): 85Sergio Perez (Racing Point): 60Kimi Räikkönen (Alfa Romeo Racing): 48Daniel Ricciardo (Renault): 73George Russell (Williams): 17Sergey Sirotkin (Williams): 7Lance Stroll (Racing Point): 63Yuki Tsunoda (AlphaTauri): 58Stoffel Vandoorne (McLaren): 80Max Verstappen (Red Bull Racing): 95Sebastian Vettel (Ferrari): 84Carlos Sainz: 86

● DRIVER · ○ TEAMMATE · ● REST OF ERA · ┊ ERA AVG · SHADED: 90% RANGE

ON AVERAGE, AGAINST THE SAME-SESSION FIELD

Lap times scatter 0.319 s around the stint trend, 0.008 s tighter than the field median.

WEEKEND BY WEEKEND · ABOVE THE LINE = BETTER THAN THAT SESSION'S FIELD

2018201920202021
2018 Sakhir: -2.892018 Shanghai: +0.142018 Baku: +1.022018 Barcelona: +0.282018 Monte Carlo: -0.252018 Montréal: -0.512018 Le Castellet: -0.492018 Spielberg: -0.712018 Silverstone: -0.752018 Hockenheim: -2.852018 Budapest: -0.072018 Spa-Francorchamps: -0.592018 Monza: +0.242018 Singapore: -0.862018 Sochi: -1.002018 Suzuka: +1.002018 Austin: +0.162018 Mexico City: +0.522018 São Paulo: +0.242018 Yas Marina: -0.812019 Melbourne: no usable session2019 Sakhir: +0.322019 Shanghai: -0.242019 Baku: -0.102019 Barcelona: -0.182019 Monte Carlo: +0.372019 Montréal: -0.672019 Le Castellet: +1.042019 Spielberg: -1.642019 Silverstone: +0.682019 Hockenheim: no usable session2019 Budapest: +0.532019 Spa-Francorchamps: no usable session2019 Monza: -1.402019 Singapore: -0.982019 Sochi: +0.882019 Suzuka: +0.282019 Mexico City: -0.492019 Austin: +0.472019 São Paulo: -0.832019 Yas Island: +0.572020 Spielberg: +0.922020 Spielberg: +0.602020 Budapest: +0.662020 Silverstone: +1.672020 Silverstone: +0.382020 Barcelona: +0.522020 Spa-Francorchamps: no usable session2020 Monza: +0.622020 Mugello: no usable session2020 Sochi: no usable session2020 Nürburgring: +0.552020 Portimão: -0.262020 Imola: +1.992020 Sakhir: +0.752020 Sakhir: +0.602020 Yas Island: +0.342021 Sakhir: -0.062021 Imola: -0.222021 Portimão: +0.282021 Barcelona: +0.762021 Monte Carlo: +0.602021 Baku: +0.682021 Le Castellet: +0.152021 Spielberg: -0.482021 Spielberg: +0.142021 Silverstone: +0.262021 Budapest: -0.782021 Zandvoort: +0.462021 Monza: -2.562021 Sochi: +0.672021 Istanbul: no usable session2021 Austin: +0.262021 Mexico City: -0.612021 São Paulo: -0.092021 Lusail: +1.132021 Jeddah: +0.212021 Yas Island: +0.26

71 SESSIONS · 133 STINTS · MINIMUM 5 RACES AND 8 STINTS

STEERING SMOOTHNESS

NEEDS ONBOARD VIDEO

How smoothly the driver steers through each corner.

PENDING

Not measured yet. No public feed carries steering angle; it will come from onboard video.

TEAMMATES

Same car, same sessions. Each cell is the average difference over the sessions they shared, in field-spread units: +0.30 means 0.3 of a typical field spread better on that axis. Qualifying H2H is the share of shared qualifying sessions where Sainz's best lap was faster.

TEAMMATESHAREDQUALI H2HENTRYTYRE MGMTTHROTTLEBRAKINGCONSISTENCY
Lando Norris66
35 Q · 31 R
49%-0.26-0.13-0.06-0.28+0.35
Charles Leclerc38
20 Q · 18 R
30%-0.16+0.35+0.02-0.26+0.06
Nico Hulkenberg37
20 Q · 17 R
35%-0.16-0.85+0.16-0.21-0.46

SESSION LOG

Every weekend in this era. Values are the difference from that session's field in field-spread units, green better and red worse. A dash means the session was skipped (wet, or no data) or the driver had no usable laps.

WEEKENDCIRCUITTEAMQ LAPSBRAKINGENTRYTHROTTLERACE LAPSCONSISTENCYTYRE MGMT
2018 R02SakhirRenault3+0.43-0.05+0.0220-2.89-0.69
2018 R03ShanghaiRenault3-0.45+0.40+0.0129+0.140.00
2018 R04BakuRenault3-0.65+0.30-0.0318+1.02-0.67
2018 R05BarcelonaRenault3-0.32+0.38+0.2843+0.28-0.59
2018 R06Monte CarloRenault3-0.76+0.35+0.1860-0.25-0.53
2018 R07MontréalRenault3-0.36+0.28+0.2336-0.51-0.92
2018 R08Le CastelletRenault3-0.91+0.25+0.2337-0.49-0.14
2018 R09SpielbergRenault3-0.21+0.04+0.1132-0.71-2.13
2018 R10SilverstoneRenault3-0.36-0.26+0.2515-0.75-2.74
2018 R11HockenheimRenault3+0.11+0.34-0.3017-2.85-0.77
2018 R12BudapestRenault1+0.02+0.31+0.4053-0.07+1.91
2018 R13Spa-FrancorchampsRenault2-0.53-0.50+0.4026-0.59-0.35
2018 R14MonzaRenault3-0.28-0.03+0.2937+0.24-0.10
2018 R15SingaporeRenault3-0.19-0.17+0.0846-0.86+0.60
2018 R16SochiRenault1-0.81-0.41+0.1243-1.00+0.86
2018 R17SuzukaRenault3+0.22-0.01+0.3030+1.00-0.50
2018 R18AustinRenault3-0.40+0.25+0.5643+0.16+0.50
2018 R19Mexico CityRenault3-0.41+0.42+0.2420+0.52-1.41
2018 R20São PauloRenault3+0.49-0.22-0.1919+0.24-1.40
2018 R21Yas MarinaRenault3-0.26+0.17+0.1435-0.81+0.67
2019 R01MelbourneMcLaren2-0.63-1.31-0.58———
2019 R02SakhirMcLaren3-0.33-0.65-0.4132+0.32-0.21
2019 R03ShanghaiMcLaren30.00-0.42-0.1648-0.24+0.84
2019 R04BakuMcLaren3-0.04-0.19-0.0829-0.10-0.22
2019 R05BarcelonaMcLaren3-0.29-0.60-0.3642-0.18-0.73
2019 R06Monte CarloMcLaren3+0.23+0.08-0.0551+0.37-0.58
2019 R07MontréalMcLaren2-0.11-0.46-0.2452-0.67-1.63
2019 R08Le CastelletMcLaren3+0.30-0.13+0.0144+1.04+1.02
2019 R09SpielbergMcLaren3-0.52-0.48-0.1645-1.64-1.28
2019 R10SilverstoneMcLaren3-0.04-0.06-0.2233+0.68+0.46
2019 R11HockenheimMcLaren3-0.01-0.29-0.510——
2019 R12BudapestMcLaren3-0.30+0.100.0063+0.53+0.63
2019 R13Spa-FrancorchampsMcLaren1+0.41-0.96-1.23———
2019 R14MonzaMcLaren3+0.05+0.21+0.1823-1.40-1.53
2019 R15SingaporeMcLaren3-0.30-0.11-0.0737-0.98+0.43
2019 R16SochiMcLaren3+0.23-0.05-0.2637+0.88-0.33
2019 R17SuzukaMcLaren3+0.09-0.21+0.1047+0.28+0.11
2019 R18Mexico CityMcLaren3+0.26-0.02+0.1356-0.49-0.15
2019 R19AustinMcLaren3+0.29-0.33+0.1741+0.47+0.41
2019 R20São PauloMcLaren————29-0.83+1.65
2019 R21Yas IslandMcLaren3+0.20-0.06-0.1721+0.57-3.00
2020 R01SpielbergMcLaren3+0.13+0.35+0.2419+0.92+0.28
2020 R02SpielbergMcLaren————50+0.60+0.81
2020 R03BudapestMcLaren3-0.25+0.10+0.0226+0.66+0.61
2020 R04SilverstoneMcLaren3+0.11+0.33+0.1528+1.67+0.88
2020 R05SilverstoneMcLaren3-0.06+0.17+0.0618+0.38+0.48
2020 R06BarcelonaMcLaren3-0.08-0.27-0.1637+0.52+0.75
2020 R07Spa-FrancorchampsMcLaren3+0.25-0.38+0.13———
2020 R08MonzaMcLaren3+0.21+0.33+0.0933+0.62+0.10
2020 R09MugelloMcLaren3-0.19-0.31+0.31———
2020 R10SochiMcLaren3+0.28+0.36-0.13———
2020 R11NürburgringMcLaren3-0.01-0.34+0.4734+0.55+0.05
2020 R12PortimãoMcLaren3+0.15+0.11+0.2841-0.26+0.11
2020 R13ImolaMcLaren3+0.12-0.01+0.0912+1.99-0.56
2020 R15SakhirMcLaren1+0.40-0.290.0033+0.75+0.79
2020 R16SakhirMcLaren3+0.08+0.17-0.1741+0.60-0.24
2020 R17Yas IslandMcLaren3+0.27-0.11+0.1946+0.34+0.96
2021 R01SakhirFerrari3-0.03-0.68+0.1326-0.06+0.54
2021 R02ImolaFerrari3+0.05-0.08+0.2212-0.22-0.44
2021 R03PortimãoFerrari3-0.36+0.14+0.2648+0.28-0.18
2021 R04BarcelonaFerrari3+0.35-0.20+0.2916+0.76+0.55
2021 R05Monte CarloFerrari3+0.09+0.43-0.2173+0.60-0.41
2021 R06BakuFerrari3-0.02+0.21-0.189+0.680.00
2021 R07Le CastelletFerrari3+0.27+0.01+0.2838+0.15-0.25
2021 R08SpielbergFerrari3-0.39-0.31-0.1543-0.48+1.07
2021 R09SpielbergFerrari3-0.48-0.51+0.1541+0.14+0.69
2021 R10SilverstoneFerrari3-0.07+0.270.0014+0.26+1.41
2021 R11BudapestFerrari1-0.39-0.15-0.1856-0.78+0.64
2021 R13ZandvoortFerrari3+0.01+0.430.0066+0.46-0.23
2021 R14MonzaFerrari3+0.05+0.49+0.3423-2.56+0.06
2021 R15SochiFerrari————28+0.67-0.63
2021 R16IstanbulFerrari1-0.20-0.51+0.20———
2021 R17AustinFerrari3+0.21+0.30+0.1833+0.26+0.34
2021 R18Mexico CityFerrari3+0.18+0.07-0.1256-0.61+0.17
2021 R19São PauloFerrari3+0.30+0.10+0.3739-0.09+0.93
2021 R20LusailFerrari3-0.39+0.21-0.1132+1.13+2.04
2021 R21JeddahFerrari2-0.24-0.16+0.0116+0.21-0.32
2021 R22Yas IslandFerrari3+0.31+0.410.0043+0.26+1.04

HOW THIS IS CALCULATED

The definitions behind every number on this page. The full specification lives with the pipeline code (backend/pipeline/signature/SPEC.md).

REGULATION ERAS

An era is a period under one set of technical rules. When the rules change, every car brakes, turns and wears its tyres differently, so a driver's style relative to the field can shift too. Signatures are therefore computed separately for each era, and the driver page shows the most recent era with at least one scored axis. These eras are defined by the car rules, separate from the storytelling eras elsewhere on the site.

ERAWHAT DEFINES ITDATA IN THIS DATASET
LATE HYBRID
2018–2021
THIS PAGE
1.6-litre V6 turbo hybrid power units, used since 2014, in the wider, higher-downforce cars on wider tyres introduced in 2017.
The era starts in 2018, the first season of the official timing archive, although its car rules date from 2017.
2018–2021
30 drivers scored
GROUND EFFECT
2022–2025
Most downforce comes from two Venturi tunnels under the floor, with simplified wings and 18-inch low-profile tyres, so that cars can follow each other more closely.
2022–2025
31 drivers scored
ACTIVE AERO
2026 onwards
Front and rear wings switch between a corner mode and a low-drag straight mode, replacing DRS. Cars are shorter, narrower and lighter (768 kg), the floor tunnels are gone, and power is split roughly half and half between combustion and electric, with the MGU-H removed and fully sustainable fuel.
Energy recovery is a bigger part of each lap: drivers lift off before braking to recharge and cars harvest at full throttle at the end of straights. Throttle and braking traces reflect energy management as well as driving style.
2026
22 drivers scored

THE FIELD

Every measurement is a difference from the other cars in the same session. Comparing within a session cancels out the track, the weather, the tyre generation and the overall speed of that year's cars, which is what makes different weekends comparable. For each corner, or each race, the driver's value has the field median subtracted and is divided by the field's spread (a robust z-score, capped at ±3). A value of +1 means one typical field spread better than the median driver.

FROM LAPS TO A SCORE

  1. Pick the laps. Qualifying: up to 3 push laps per driver, within 1% of their own best and 107% of the fastest lap, on dry tyres, not deleted for track limits and not run under red or yellow flags. Race: clean laps only, meaning not lap 1, no pit laps, no safety car, virtual safety car, red or yellow flag, dry tyres, at least 1.5 s behind the car ahead, and within 107% of the driver's stint median.
  2. Measure.Corners are the slowest points of the session's fastest lap (dips of at least 25km/h). Every lap is mapped onto that lap's line, so all drivers' brake points and apexes share one distance scale. Full throttle means 98% pedal or more, and a lift is a drop of 10points. In the race, each stint's lap times are corrected for fuel (0.055 s per lap of fuel still on board) and fitted against tyre age: the slope is degradation (at least 8 clean laps), and the scatter around the line is consistency (at least 6).
  3. Compare with the field. Each corner needs at least 8 field laps; tyre degradation is compared on the same compound when at least 4 stints used it.
  4. Combine over the era. A weighted average of the session values. An axis is only scored with at least 5 qualifying sessions and 150 lap-corners, or 5 races and 8 stints; otherwise it stays empty rather than guessed.
  5. Rank.The 0–100 score is the driver-era's percentile among every driver-era in the dataset, so 50 is typical.
  6. Confidence.The driver's sessions are resampled 400 times and re-ranked. The 90% range runs from the 5th to the 95th percentile of those ranks, and confidence is 1 minus the average width of the ranges.

COMPARISON GROUPS

ERA AVG

The average of every driver scored in the same regulation era. It sits close to 50 on every axis: a typical driver.

ALL-TIME

The average of every driver-era in the dataset. Scores are ranks among those same driver-eras, so it sits at 50 on every axis by construction.

CHAMPIONS

World champions in the eras they won their titles, from the final standings of completed seasons. In the dataset: Lewis Hamilton (2018, 2019, 2020), Max Verstappen (2021, 2022, 2023, 2024), Lando Norris (2025).

TEAMMATES

The driver's teammates in this era, weighted by sessions shared. Same car, so this is the fairest comparison.

AXES

AXISMEASURESHIGHER MEANSDATA
STEERING SMOOTHNESSHow smoothly the driver steers through each corner.Not measured yet. No public feed carries steering angle; it will come from onboard video.NEEDS ONBOARD VIDEO
ENTRY AGGRESSIONSpeed as the driver comes off the brake, and the minimum speed through the corner.Carries more speed off the brake and through the slowest point.QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER
TYRE MANAGEMENTHow fast lap times drop off as the tyres age, corrected for fuel load.Loses less time per lap of tyre age than the field on the same compound.CLEAN RACE LAPS · PER STINT
THROTTLE APPLICATIONDistance from the slowest point of the corner to full throttle, and the number of throttle lifts in between.Reaches full throttle sooner after the apex, with fewer lifts.QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER
BRAKINGWhere the driver starts braking for each corner, and how long the braking zone lasts.Brakes later and over a shorter distance than the field.QUALIFYING PUSH LAPS · CORNER BY CORNER
CONSISTENCYHow much clean lap times vary within a stint once the tyre-wear trend is removed.Smaller lap-to-lap variation than the field in the same race.CLEAN RACE LAPS · PER STINT

DATA AND COVERAGE

Source: Official F1 live-timing feed, read through TracingInsights' public FastF1 extraction (2018–2022) and the OpenF1 historical API (2023–2026). The feed gives car data (speed, throttle, brake on/off, gear) about 3.7 times a second, car positions, laps, tyre stints, gaps and race-control messages. It does not carry steering angle or brake pressure. 180 qualifying sessions and 186 races are scored.

SEASONWEEKENDSQUALIFYINGRACESNOT SCORED
20182120/2120/21
Australian qualifying: no race-control messages in the source, so flags cannot be applied
Australian race: no race-control messages in the source, so flags cannot be applied
20192121/2121/21—
20201715/1717/17
Styrian qualifying: wet
Turkish qualifying: wet
20212220/2222/22
Belgian qualifying: wet
Russian qualifying: mixed conditions, 6 drivers on dry tyres
20222220/2222/22
Canadian qualifying: wet
British qualifying: wet
20232221/2222/22
Dutch qualifying: mixed conditions, 9 drivers on dry tyres
20242422/2424/24
Belgian qualifying: wet
São Paulo qualifying: wet
20252422/2424/24
Azerbaijan qualifying: no lap data in the public feed
Las Vegas qualifying: wet
202619 (+4 still to run)19/1919/19—

KNOWN LIMITATIONS

  • The field includes faster and slower cars, so a driver in a quick car scores higher on car-sensitive measures such as minimum corner speed. The teammate comparison is where the car is held constant.
  • The braking point is not adjusted for approach speed: a driver who exits the previous corner faster arrives quicker and has to brake earlier. Braking describes style more than pace.
  • Tyre management cannot tell tyre wear apart from a driver deliberately controlling pace, so its ranges are wide.
  • From 2026, throttle and braking traces also reflect energy recovery (lifting before braking, harvesting at full throttle), not only driving style.
  • Steering smoothness needs steering angle, which no public feed carries. It is never estimated and will come from onboard video, along with seasons before 2018.

PIPELINE TIMING-0.1.0 · GENERATED 2026-11-02 · OFFICIAL F1 LIVE-TIMING FEED, READ THROUGH TRACINGINSIGHTS' PUBLIC FASTF1 EXTRACTION (2018–2022) AND THE OPENF1 HISTORICAL API (2023–2026)